


> 






-. 



<■ 



V > 









^ '^. 









o- V ^ 






V ' 



^ 



• v. 









-P. 






o 






v << 




























\ 



\ v 






"<< c 










































^ % 



>•■ 































































x 0o 



^ 
























LOVER I NTS 



CHART OF TIME, 



CENTOGRAPH 



AND 



SLATE 



HISTOBIOAB KZE^ST. 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 



TEMPOS OMNIA VINCET. 



Nc 

vx §>o,wac 
lea- lovU: 

J> ^INTED FOR THE AUTHOR. 

1882. 



i^^cv-t. 



EXPLANATION OF COLORS. 

mpi m msTonr of home 

. L\ SARACENS AND TURKS 

2 ■ BIBLE AND CRUNCH 

CRUSADES 

3 U ANCIENT CREECE BC 
. m ENGLAND AD 
. a SCOTLAND AD. 

4 PERSIAN EMPIRE DC 
f NANCE AD 
IRELAND AD. 

CHICLES INDICATE COLONIAL HISTORY 



iiOye mars 
Historical* GhartofTime. 



irjp&Xdey^ 


N9SM HISTORY OF EGYPT 


B.C. 




GERMANY 






PRUSSIA. 


A.O. 


6 


ASSYRIA 


B.C. 


. ■ 


SPAIN 


AD 


A 


PORTUGAL 


AD. 


7 


POLAND 


AD. 




RUSSIA 




Sa 


CHINA 






JAPAN 




»■ 


UNITED STATES 




D 


RfPRCSEHTS REMARKABLE EVENTS 




mmBmmaaamm\vmaaamammm i saammmmamia I mmntmz-zi-is'.&.si Ixzim-wnzisiiSuisi ■ ;nnit?2izii. iz-zva".- I ■■■■■■■s^-jS-n-sn-K i &■«■:::::•:! -an-sin-™ I =n:::;n-:::~:::::::::: s : I :::■!■:■:•■ 




THE LIBRARY 
OF CONGRESS 

WASHINGTON 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1882, by N. Loverin, M.D., and 
registered by the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D.C., United States of America. 



■ 



April 23rd, 1882. 



TO MY ESTEEMED DAUGHTER, 
ELIZABETH, 

THIS WORK IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED. 

N. LOVERIN, M.D. 




im 



Historical GhakjofTime. 



B.C 



































A.D. 










S 



m 




iiiiiiiiil iiiiiiini ^ism fiiiiiiiii i 



B;?l?ilBplM]HiiS|saUMI^ 



PREFACE. 



Tins work will place within the reach of professors and 
teachers, sis well as students and others, means by which the 
memory, easily and effectively, may become possessed of histo- 
rical events in theirehronolouie.il order, through the faculties 
of localization and association, based upon the decimal system 
6f reckoning, at once the most simple and practical. 

It cannot he contravened thai the chronology of history has 
been almost wholly neglected or ignored by the early writers. 

That such should have been line in regard to the compara- 
tively modern historians seems incredible; and that at no 
period until the nineteenth century a chart or map of time is 
to be found will undoubtedly increase our astonishment and 
wonder. 

THE FACT NEVERTHELESS EXISTS ! 

No science is more instructive, nor need there be any more 
interesting, than history. Whatever efforts, therefore, are in 
the direction of supplying a want so universal, and of making 
its study more practical, will be received with approbation by 
the whole literary world. 

The mistaken notion (forced), that figures are representatives 
of time, has long since endowed the subject with the necessity 
for extraordinary mental effort, and spread the mantle of indif- 
ference so effectually that few are found who consider it attrac- 
tive. 



4 PREFACE. 

This has been recognized by those who have supplied their 
places with rivers, streams, trees, etc., in order that they might, 
with less effort, more understandingly impress the memories 
of their students with correct ideas concerning the grand 
divisions of history. 

Figures mark dates as they do quantities. They are not, 
however, representatives of time any more than of place, a 
self-evident proposition requiring no proof. Hence, all works 
of whatever kind, and wherever found, presuming to represent 
chronology by figures, letters, or both, fail to fulfil their 
pretensions quite as much as those that would indicate geo- 
graphy without the use of maps. 

Under such circumstances the useful and instructive science 
of history becomes irksome, uninteresting, and, perhaps, even 
repulsive. 

What might have been a source of pleasure and profit, 
sooner or later, is one of indifference ; and the unpopular condi- 
tion of the whole subject, at the present time, is the result. 

What is the Remedy ? 

Let the science of history , as well as geography, have its chart. 
Let both time and place be recognized, and the students be 
encouraged to localize facts, on the one as on the other, where 
they respectively belong. 

Cultivate the memory by using the eyes, and their nerves of 
induction as feeders of the grand optic centres, the reservoirs 
of the mind. Then will the two branches of study progress, 
side by side, in the most pleasing, interesting and instructive 
manner. 



PEEFACE. 5 

The Chart has been constructed so that, in one view, it 
represents to the vision, thence to the understanding, with 
mathematical accuracy, all the portion of time with which 
historians have been acquainted, holding in its folds or years 
the various periods and epochs of the past in the position and 
order they are known to have transpired, as well as more than 
one century of the unwritten future. 

Tlie Past, the Present and the Future see! 

United in a web that none can sever : 
Time was ; Time is ; and Time will always be 

Continued on its course through space forever! 

Even without symbolization this map of time is an invalu- 
able adjunct to the study of history, and will amply repay those 
who might, through curiosity, carefully examine it. 

Marked oft' into years, lustra, decades, centuries, millenuials, 
etc., divided by a space, conspicuously representing before 
and after Christ, respectively designated by their appropriate 
symbols, B. C. and A. D., on the margin, such a picture shows 
more clearly and concisely than words, however cleverly used, a 
correct idea of the whole subject of chronology. 

When, now, are added symbols registering and giving 
character to the events of history, clothed in colors that declare 
to the eye the various countries in which they happened, we 
possess a grand panorama of the past simultaneously opened 
out to the special sense of vision, that cannot be equalled by 
any other plan of representation. It is to such a chart that 
many of the following pages are devoted, and to which the 
careful and candid attention of all who are interested in the 
study of the noble science of history is invited. 



6 PREFACE. 

The Key to the Chart of Time, page 61, contains a synopsis 
of the facts of the past, century by century, which will be 
found of value even without the presence of the Chart itself, 
because of the sum of orderly chronicled matter therein con- 
tained. 

Instances of doubtful chronology have been carefully exam- 
ined, strict search having been made amongst the best authors, 
in order that the most satisfactory results may have been 
obtained ; and while exactness in every particular is not 
claimed, it has been the ambition of the author to arrive as 
nearly it as possible. 

The chronology of Biblical history has been taken from the 
Bible. The histories of Greece B. C. and Rome have been 
faithfully symbolized, and together with those of England, 
France and Germany, form the back ground of the compara- 
tively recent histories of the United States of America and the 
Dominion of Canada, to which special attention throughout 
this work has been directed. 

The periods and epochs, page 161, of the various histories 
will be found practical, and well adapted to the exercising of the 
memory over the whole field of chronology, where each of the 
epochs mentioned may be specially pointed to the vision of 
the pupil. They have been arranged in the order of their 
representation as lithographed on the upper margin of the 
Chart of Time. 

N. Loverin, M.D. 
Chicago, Nov. 1882. 



INDEX. 

PAGE 

Wood Out 1. Bird's-eye View of the Chart 11 

" 2. Slate, open and closed 12 

" 3. Centograph (both frames in view) 13 

" 4. " undivided years 14 

" 5. Plates 1 and 2, the Century 16 

" 6. Centograph with Compartments 27 

Description of the Chart of Time 15 

Symbolization 18 

Geographical Representation by Color 19 

Localities Changed into Figures 20 

Examples for Practice 24 

Description of the Centograph 27 

Symbols 29 

Instructions for Using the Centograph 30 

Description of the Historical Slate 33 

Advantages of the Chart, Centograph and Slate 33 

Statistical Application 34 

Definitions Worthy of Special Attention 36 

Remarks 37 

Definitions of History 42 

Extracts from Various Authors 44 

Historical Key to the Chart of Time 61 

(In this key each century is an index of its own facts wherein im- 
portant events, from creation to date, may be readily found.) 



t»AOfi 

The Periods and Epochs of History 161 

The Universe 162 

Roman History , 162 

History of the Saracens 165 

The Turks, or Mogul Tartars 166 

The Bible 168 

The Church 169 

Grecian History, B. C 172 

History of England > 174 

" Scotland 178 

" the Persian Empire 180 

" France 181 

" Ireland 182 

" Egypt, B. C 184 

" Germany 185 

" Prussia 187 

" Austria 188 

" Assyria, B. C 189 

" Spain 190 

" Portugal 192 

" Poland 193 

4; Russia 195 

" China 196 

" Japau 198 

" The United States 199 

" Canada (uuder the French Regime) 203 

" (under British government) 206 



11 



Historical Gha^TofTime 



B.C 









































A.D. 



















Fig. 1. 
Black points mark the following facts in the exact order of their occurrence. 



b. c. 

The Creation (Biblical) 4004 

Fo-Hi (about) 2951 

Egyptian Monarchy (Menes) (?) 2412 

The Deluge 2348 

Assyrian Empire (Nimrod) (?) 2234 

Sicyon (founded) 2089 

Call of Abraham 1921 

The Exodus 1491 

Monarchy in Israel 1095 

The Ten Tribes revolt 974 

Olympic Games revived 776 

Rome founded (Romulus) 753 

Fall of (Ten Tribes) Kingdom 

Israel .... 721 

Fall of Judah and Benjamin. .. 587 

Expulsion of the Roman Kings. 509 

First Persian Invasion 496 

Death of Alexander 323 

The Septuagint Bible 277 

Greece, a Roman Province 146 

The Roman Empire established. 27 



Nativity of Christ (Vulgar era). 1 
Britain, a Roman Province. ... 85 
Christianity Triumphant 312 



A. D. 

Merovingian Dynasty 419 

Kent. 1st of the Heptarchy .... 455 

Fall of the Western Empire ... 476 

The Hegira (Mahomet) 622 

Carlovingian Dynasty 752 

Papal Temporal Power 755 

Charlemagne's Empire 800 

Union of the Heptarchy (Egbert) 827 

Romano-German Empire 962 

Capetian Dynasty 987 

The Norman Conquest. 1066 

The Crusades (first) 1096 

The Plantagenets 1154 

The last Crusade 1270 

The Schism 1378 

Fall of the Eastern Empire 1453 

The Tudors 1485 

Discovery of America (?) 1492 

The Relbrmation 1517 

Bourbon Dynasty 1589 

The Stuart Family 1603 

The Brunswicks 1714 

American Independence 1776 

The Bourbons Expelled 1792 

Restoration of the Bourbons . . . 1814 

British American Confederation 1867 

France, aRepublic (3rd), Thiers 1871 



12 




Fig. 5. 



LOYERIN'S HISTORICAL SLATE. 



1, Shut — 2, Opened — 3, partly unfolded, showing the slate proper — 4, 
Symbols. 

The open slate (Fig. 2) unfolds the facts of the century, and bv the figures 
at the top represents our own time. Eighteen centuries of the Christian 
Era are understood as having parsed, by the number thus registered, and 
must always be counted in addition to the years of the part of the century 
in order to arrive at the exact date of the event under consideration. The 
following will illustrate the meaning, the color to be understood as written. 
First Symbol. — A large yellow — " remarkable event " in France — upon 
the first row, two before the centre line, in the nineteenth century 
of which four years are included, and these, added to the eighteen 
hundred at the top, give the date; which, with key, read thus : a. n. 

France becomes an Empire under Napoleon 1804 

Second Symbol. — A small red, half painted, nineteenth century, upon 
the second row, one before the centre line, in the first compart- 
ment — battle — To be read thus (key) : 

The battle of Waterloo, Napoleon's final overthrow 1815 

Third Symbol. — A small red multiplication cross — nineteenth century, 
upon the second row, four beyond the centre line, in the fourth 
compartment — birth of an illustrious personage : 

The birth of Alexandrina Victoria at Kensington Palace 1819 

Fourth Symbol. — A small red, half painted, nineteenth century upon 
the fourth row, two beyond the centre line, in the fifth compart- 
ment — an English lady succeeds to royal power : 

Victoria becomes the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland 1837 

By association, facts that transpired in any particular year can be added 
and impressed upon the memory. 




Fig. 2. 

Loverix's Historical Centograph. 

(Both Frames, Curtain and Drawer in view.) 




Fig. 3. With Undivided Years. 

The unmarked blackboard above the Centograph causes it to 
represent the first century of the Christian Era. 

Assuming colors of Symbols suspended in the above diagram, it 
will be thus : 
First. — A large blue third row, five beyond centre line — 

remarkable event in Church History. A. D. 

Read: The baptism of Jesus Christ by John 30 

Second. — Large blue — fourth row — three before the centre 
line — Eemarkable event in Church History. 

Read: The Crucifixion 33 

&c, &c, &c. 



LOVERIN'S 

HISTORICAL CHART OF TIME 

Is a map of seventy diagrams, comprising a bird's-eye view of 
all the portion of Time with which Historians are acquainted. 
These (diagrams) are arranged decimally in seven rows, and so 
placed that five are above a wide space and two below ; being 
also centrally divided by another space cutting the former one 
at right angles, and which are respectively named, the trans- 
verse or horizontal and the central or vertical. 

The horizontal space is the dividing line between the histories 
before and after the nativity of Christ, while the vertical, 
divides the rows of Centuries equally, and is a resting line for 
the eye during rapid calculations. 

Each diagram encloses a square, divided into ten rows of 
smaller squares, ten in the row, of which five are before a 
wide centre line and five beyond. The rows, five above and 
five below, a wide middle line, each containing ten squares, 
give one hundred ; and as each square represents one year, 
the diagram indicates one hundred years or one century, and 
hence the seventy are a chart of seven thousand years. 

the centuries. 

Each century of the map, and each year of the century, in 
construction, is exactly like the other, differing not in the 
least particular. To understand the mechanism of the whole 
of Loverin's Chart of Time consists, therefore, in properly 
knowing one century, and one year of a century. A good 
idea of this fact may be obtained from the following cuts, 
which will also show the manner of reckoning, towards and 
fxom the Creation. Either diagram is a representative of any 
century of the Chart. 



16 



Plate 1. 




_fl 


90 J- 


H 


SO jj — 


£„._ ■„__. _____ - __J 


"70'' i— . ' 


70 p- r - i 

i; _______ 1 -„„.-»■■■-■■. J 


An 1 - 


bO f | 




r/-> 5 


( 


i " j 


4U 


L, t 




ou j ~j 


n ..,, „ j 


on l-l 1 1 ' 


20 ph r j 


B | 1 1 





10 9876 5 4321 
(No. 1 shows the counting from the Christian Era towards 
the Creation, i.e., from the lower right, to the upper left.) 

12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 



20 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 
80 
90 
100 



f^^^^B^^BEmsmmmsmmm 


| 1_| _L 


1 


B 1 1 1 


KM | 


1 


H 


Is! 


1 ' 


§ := -i __::+!_:_:: i:: =i: :_z±: 


B 


H ' 


1 


■ 


H l 


D 


1 


H 


H 






H_ 


H 


H i 





Plate 2. 



HISTORICAL CHART OF TIME. 



17 



(No. 2 indicates the reckoning of the Christian Era, i.e., from 
the upper left, to the lower right, as in reading.) 

Behold, each is a square, equally divided by two heavy 
straight lines cutting each other at right angles, which are 
respectively named the transverse or middle, and the vertical 
or central ; and which, besides being resting points for the 
vision, are guiding lines in connection with the placing of the 
symbols. 

The diagram is also divided into ten rows — five above and 
five below the middle line, and each row is divided into ten 
squares — five before and five beyond the centre line. Ten 
rows each having ten squares, give one hundred ; and, as 
these are the representatives of years, we have therefore one 
century. 

THE YEARS. 

If we now examine the years, we find each like the other 
subdivided into nine equal compartments by two straight lines, 
cutting two other straight lines at right angles. These are 
for the reception of symbols that give character or meaning 
accordingly as placed in one or the other of them. 



COMPARTMENTS. 



COMPARTMENTS. 



1st 


2nd 


3rd 


4th 


5th 


6 th 


7th 


8th 


9th 



Fig. 1. 



Contention 


Acquisi- 
tion. 


Destruc- 
tion. 


Distinction 


Domina- 
tion. 


Invention. 


Legislation 
and 
Civiliza- 
tion. 


Insubordi- 
nation. 


Concilia- 
tion. 



Fi-. 2. 



They are known by their numerical order, beginning at the 
upper left hand corner and counting to the lower right, as in 
Fig. 1. 

B 



18 



HISTORICAL CHART OF TIME. 



SYMBOLIZATION. 

They are also specially named, as in Fig. 2, so that some 
idea of the meaning of their symbols, the square, half square and 
multiplication cross will be suggested to the mind, inasmuch as 
they will indicate something of the nature of the event therein 
placed. Besides the above three symbols, in each compart- 
ment, an addition cross is used in the fourth, to mark the death 
of a distinguished or conspicuous person. 

When, now, is added the large symbol for the remarkable 
event, we find that twenty-seven different kinds of representa- 
tion can be effected by the symbols of one year. In order 
that their meanings may be more easily remembered, the fol- 
lowing classification has been arranged. 

The compartments are known by the names given them, 
which prepare the mind to understand the symbol whenever 
used in connection with them, and are numerically recognized, 
thus : 

!■ Invasion, War. 
r Battle, Siege. 
X Civil War. 

f ■ By Conquest. 

X V By Purchase, by Marriage, &c. 

y X Colonization, Bequest, Gift. 

■ Persecution, Disease, Slavery. 
r Fire, Massacre, Earthquake, Storm. 
X By War, Pillage, Loss. 

f u Eminent Men. 

I r " Women. 

1 x Birth of a remarkable person. 

{ + Death " " 

■ Autocrats, Kings, Emperors, Presidents, 
r Queens, Empresses, &c. 
X Two or more governing at the same time. 

C m Geographical discovery. 

< r Scientific " 

(_ X Industries, utilizing Inventions, Public Works. 

■ Parliaments, Councils, Diets, &c. 
r Edicts, Proclamations, Commands, Codes of Laws. 
X Colleges, Publication of Books, &c. 



2nd. Acquisition. 



3rd. Destruction. 



4th. Distinction. 



5th. Domination. 



Oth. Invention. 



7th. Legislation and 
Civilization. 



HISTORICAL CHART OP TIME. 



19 



8th. Insubordination. 



\ 



■ Revolution. 

r Unsuccessful Revolt. 
X Conspiracies, Riots. 

■ Peace. 



9th. Conciliation. -j r Treaty in time of Peace. 

(_ x Confederation, Union, Orders, Association. 

A Iudicates the Histories as marked on the Chart. 
J | Remarkable event. 
O Colonial History. 
* B. C, (blue) indicates the kings of Israel, distinguishing 
them from those of Judah. 

k Refers to the emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire. 
The small symbols, bracketed opposite each compartment, 
give specific meaning as above described. 

COLORS. 

Colors give the geography, or nationality of the event which, 
as marked over the Chart, is explained as follows : 



Black. 




The 


History 


of Rome. 


a 


triangles. 


u 


tt 


Saracens and Turks. 


Blue. 




a 


a 


Bible and Church. 


it 


triangles. 


a 


a 


Crusades. 


Red 


(B. C.) 


a 


a 


Ancient Greece. 


a 


(A.D.) 


a 


a 


England. 


a 


triangles. 


a 


a 


Scotland. 


Yellow 


• (B. C.) 


a 


u 


Persian Empire. 


a 


(A. D.) 


a 


a 


France. 


a 


triangles. 


a 


a 


Ireland. 


Green 


(B. C.) 


a 


ti 


Egypt. . 


u 


(A. D.) 


a 


a 


Germany. 


a 


triangles. 


it 


a 


Prussia. 


Orange (B. C.) 


,t 


a 


Assyria. 


it 


(A.D.) 


a 


a 


Spain. 


u 


triangles. 


a 


u 


Portugal. 


Pink. 




it 


a 


Poland. 


it 


triangles. 


a 


a 


Russia. 


Lilac. 




a 


tt 


China. 


tt 


triangles. 


a 


a 


Japan. 


Gold. 




u 


a 


The United States. 



20 HISTORICAL CHART OF TIME. 

Circles indicate Colonies belonging to their respective colors: 
— for instance, Canada in Yellow circles denotes it under the 
French Kegime — and, in red circles, refers to it under British 
rule; as well as to the Special Colonies of Great Britain that 
occupied America contemporaneously with the French. 

LOCALITIES CHANGED INTO FIGURES. 

Having described the construction of the Chart, the mean- 
ing of the compartments and symbols as well as the uses of 
color, the attention is now called to the localities and the 
manner by which they are converted into dates. 

To find the number of any year upon the Chart there must 
be an established point from which to reckon. The two 
grand epochs from which dates have been counted are " The 
Creation " and il The Nativity of Christ, " the represent- 
ative letters of which are, from the Latin, respectively A. M. 
and A. D. Inasmuch as great differences of opinion exist in 
regard to the exact time of the Creation, we have chosen the 
Nativity of Christ as our grand starting-point. Whatever 
dates occur before, are marked B. C. and those after, A. D. 
This the better answers our purpose from the fact that histo- 
rians have more generally adopted it than any other. 

We have already said that the wide horizontal space 
separates the Christian era from all preceding time ; and that, 
in reading the Chart, the Nativity of Christ (Vulgar era) will 
be in the first year of the first century below. This will be 
the first year, counting from the upper left-hand corner, 
where we find a large blue symbol surrounding the margin 
of it. Here, remember, is the grand point from which all 
events of history are reckoned. We can now readily understand 
that, in marking or looking for an event that happened before, 
we must ascend towards the Creation; and, if after, we must 
descend towards the present. This will hold good in regard 
to any fixed point upon the Chart. Hence the following 
rule: — In counting time from any period to the present, we 
reckon from the upper left towards the lower right hand, 



HISTORICAL CHART OF TIME. 21 

century after century and decade after decade, as reading a 
book ; and, in counting from any event towards the Creation, we 
reckon from the lower right, receding, year after year, decade 
after decade, and century after century, in the reverse order 
until the desired event is readied. In no case, however, will 
this affect the compartments of the year, or the meaning of 
the symbolization. 

If we would look for " The Creation," 4004 B. C. (the 
Biblical date), we begin at the first year of the first cen- 
tury before the birth of Christ, which we find at the 
lower right-hand corner, above the wide horizontal space, and 
reckon from left to right, year after year, decade after decade, 
century after century ; and, when \*e shall have passed over 
four rows of the latter, we arrive at the forty-first, in which, on 
the first decade, two before the centre line, will be found 
the date required, — it is marked by a blue line surrounding 
the year square — a remarkable event which (counting the year 
in which it is placed), the key will tell us, is "the Creation," 
B. C. 4004. If, now, we continue back to the fiftieth century, 
on the seventh decade, three before the centre line, we see a 
heavy diagonal line, blue, running from corner to corner of the 
year square ; this represents the Creation as recognized by the 
Benedictines, B. C. 49(*>3. It is well to remember this, because 
some authorities recognize it. I have produced it in order to 
give a reason why there are sometimes such great differences 
in dates. In the same way of proceeding we find the remark- 
able event of the Deluge, B. C. 2348 in the one instance and 
330S in the other. For different dates in regard to the Creation 
see another part of this work. 

Let us look for a remarkable event in the Christian era, 
say, the discovery of America by Columbus, A. D. 1492. To 
find this, begin at the upper left-hand corner, below the wide 
horizontal space— The Nativity of Christ, OUK GRAND 
STARTING-POINT,— and count toward the lower right, year 
after year, decade after decade, century after century, until 
we arrive at the last row of years in the fifteenth, on which, 



HISTORICAL CHART OF TIME. 



four before the centre line, is a remarkable event painted 
in orange color, representing a circumstance to have taken 
place under Spanish authority in 149:2. The key will tell 
the event, and the Chart, by locality and color, instructs us 
in regard to the rest. In order that localities may receive 
from beginners all the attention their importance demands, 
and that the central and middle lines may be well impressed 
upon the understanding, I am pleased to introduce the fol- 
lowing diagrams. 



IO 


9 


8 


7 


6 


5 


4 


3 


2 


1 
1 


IO 


9 


8 


7 


6 


5 


4 


3 


2 


10 


9 


8 


7 


6 


5 


4 


3 


2 


1 


10 


9 


8 


7 


6 


5 


4 


3 


2 


1 


10 


9 


8 


7 
7 


6 


5 


4 


3 


2 


1 


10 


9 


8 


6 1 5 


4 


3 


2 


1 


10 


9 


8 
8 


7 


6 


5 


4 


3 


2 
2 


1 


IO 


9 
9 


7 


6 
6 


5 


4 


3 


1 


10 


8 


7 


5 


4 


3 


2 


1 


10 


9 


8 


7 


6 


5 


4 


3 


2 


1 



Plate 3. 



In Plate 3, the years number from the lower right-hand 
corner of the century as in Plate 1, page 16. Each year on 
the rows above indicates the same figure, from bottom to top, 
thus, over the unit all are units, over the five all are fives, over 
the eight all are eights, etc., etc. 



HISTORICAL CHART OF TIME. 



23 



1 
1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


a 


9 


10 
10 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 
7 
7 
7 


8 


9 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


8 


9 


10 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


8 


9 


IO 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


8 


9 


10 

1 

10 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 
7 


8 


9 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


8 


9 


10 


1 
1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


IO 

10 1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


t 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 I 



Plate 4. 



The same thing is also true of Plate 4, where the counting 
or unity begins at the upper left-hand corner and proceeds to 
the lower right : under the unit all are units, under the five all 
are fives, under the eight all are eights, etc., but the order 
is reversed. If, now, an event be placed in any year of Plate 3, 
in the one represented by five, then without effort we have the 
year sought ; if, however, it be raised to the second row or 
decade, then to its number five we add the first row below and 
it becomes fifteen ; if we raise it to the last or tenth decade ; 
then to the number five are added the previous nine decades 
giving ninety-five, which will be the year of the century in 
which it rests. The same will be true of the event if placed 
in any year of Plate 4, only the tens from above, instead of 
below, must be added. 

Plates 1 and 3, pages 16 and 22, represent the reckoning 
from the Nativity of Christ, or the Christian era, back towards- 
the Creation, marked B. C. upon the Chart. 

Plates 2 and 4, pages 16 and 23, show the reckoning from the 
Creation towards the present time, A. M. ; but, if the Nativity 



24 HISTORICAL CHART OF TIME. 

of Christ be the starting-point, and only the Christian era is 
called for, the initial letters are A. D. 

A little practice upon the Chart, taking the Christian era 
first under consideration, will soon prepare the mind to under- 
stand the whole map of time. 

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE. 

For practical illustrations, let the attention be placed upon 
the century before Christ; and then, upon the first century of 
the Christian era. 

The first century of the Chart of Time, before the Christian 
era, is found at the lower right of the five rows of centuries 
above the wide horizontal space, and has upon its first decade, 
two before the centre line, in the fourth compartment, a blue 
multiplication cross, indicating the birth of a distinguished 
person in church or biblical history. Two before the centre line 
in Plate 3, is 4, the number of the year supplying the event ; 
hence, from the key and chart read thus : Four years before 
the Vulgar era, the birth of Christ. 

Again, on the same row or decade, three beyond the centre 
line, in the fourth compartment, an addition cross, black, death 
of an eminent Roman. Plate 3 shows the figure eight, the 
key gives two names, one of which must be remembered by 
Association, Maecenas and Horace. Read : In the year S B. C, 
the deaths of Maecenas and Horace. 

Again, upon the second decade, four beyond the centre 
line, a black addition cross, fourth compartment, death of an 
eminent Roman. Plate 3 indicates four beyond the centre 
line to be 9, to which add the decade below making it 19 ; 
Key : Virgil. Read : Death of the Poet Virgil, B. C. 19. 

Again, upon the third row or decade, tw r o beyond the 
centre line, large black, remarkable event in Roman history, 
locality, seven, as shown by Plate 3 ; add the two decades be- 
low, and 27 is the date. Key : In the year 27 B. C. the name 
of Augustus was conferred upon Caius Octavius Caesar by the 
Senate of the Roman people. — And so on, to the Creation. 



HISTORICAL CHART OF TIME. 25 

Let us now turn our attention to the first century of 
the Christian era, which we will find on the upper left- 
hand corner, below the wide horizontal space of the Chart. 
On the first row or decade, counting from the upper left to the 
right, as in reading a book, five before the centre line, is a large 
blue remarkable event in church history, in the year, one as 
marked in Plate 4. Key : The beginning of the Christian era 
A. D. 1. 

Again, on the same row or decade, in the second com- 
partment, one beyond the centre line, full black, meaning a 
conquest by the Eomans, number of the year, 6. Key: Judeea. 
Read : In the year 6 A.D. Judaea was conquered by the Romans, 
and, of course, during the reign of Augustus Caesar. 

Again, on the same row, four beyond the centre line, in the 
first compartment, half black, battle. Key : Teutoberg. Read : 
In the year 9 A. D. the Romans were defeated by Arminius 
(Herman). 

Again, on the second row or decade, two before the centre 
line — fifth compartment, full black, a Roman Caesar comes 
into power, year 4, as shown by Plate 4 ; to this add the first 
decade and the date will be fourteen. Key : Tiberius. Read : 
In the year 14 A. D. Tiberius became the Roman Csesar, etc., 
etc., until the whole diagram is completely under the control 
of the mind ; after which, proceed in the same manner with 
the next century. If the attention of a class, or a pupil, be 
continuous, two, four or six hours regularly during the week, 
the whole Chart, in an incredible manner, will soon be in 
possession of the memory ; each century will have indelibly 
j)hotographed itself upon the retinae of vision, as well as the 
localities of the events, from which the dates will be easily 
inferred, and also the colors by which will be recognized the 
countries to which they belong. If other events than those 
upon the Chart are required, they may, with little difficulty, 
be added ; or, should any change in the locality of the symbol 
be desired, it can be made. 

Let it be remembered, however, that the figures marking 
the dates in the Key, are not to be used when reading the 



26 HISTORICAL CHART OP TIME. 

events from the Chart. They are only to be examined by the 
teacher in cases of uncertainty, and to readily assist in finding 
any particular event. The best authorities of history must 
ever be at hand, and reading, in order to examine the philo- 
sophy of subject, must be as persistent as possible, consistent 
with health, which is always a matter of primary importance. 
No anxiety whatever need be entertained in consequence of 
a fear that the dates and names of events will not be retained 
in the mind. Locality in reference to the central and middle 
heavy lines of the .century, and in regard to the central and 
horizontal spaces of the chart, mark the former; and location 
in the compartment of the year square, with form and color 
of the symbol, stimulate to the latter. This is so important 
that, at the expense of repetition, we add, if these be the 
means by which the understanding is made to grasp, soon, 
with very little effort, the whole Chart of Time will become a 
painting on the memory, where it must remain for future use. 
The sister science, geography, will, at the same time, also 
receive careful attention. Their combination, if during child- 
hood and youth, either at home, in the school, the academy, 
or at college, with the advantages of careful instructors, will 
make the acquisition of knowledge in the more advanced and 
thoughtful period of life easy and satisfactory. 




Fig. 6. 



THE HISTORICAL CENTOGRAPH. 



After having carefully studied the construction of the His- 
torical Chart of Time, it will become an easy matter to com- 
prehend the Centograph, inasmuch as their principles are one. 



28 THE HISTORICAL CENTOGRAPH. 

By referring to Fig. 2, page 13, you can examine a diagram 
which is an exact representation of the Historical Centograph 
forwarded to the United States Centennial. It consists of a 
base holding a drawer of symbols, from which arise, vertically, 
trunnions that support two large frames, three feet square 
each. 

They (the frames) are so fixed upon pivots that they can 
be easily adapted to any angle best suited to the wishes of the 
student. Each frame, a square, is divided into one hundred 
smaller squares, which, in their application to the science of 
History, are called years. These latter are numbered when 
reckoning the Christian era from the upper left to the right, 
row after row, and year after year, until the lower corner 
of the frame upon the right represents the complete one 
hundred years— one century. One of the frames, Fig. 6, 
page 97, is further divided, each year, into nine smaller squares 
or compartments, which are numerically named from the 
upper left to the lower right, — exactly as was the case 
with the years in the century of the Chart of Time. These 
are intended to receive symbols that give character to the 
event, accordingly as placed in one or other of the nine ; their 
color representing the geography of its occurrence, while its 
chronology is indicated by the exact year in which it appears. 
Above each year, upon both frames, is a small projecting pin 
upon which to suspend symbols that are indicative of remark- 
able events. A black-board is attached above and may be 
fixed as well at the bottom of the century, where it should 
be, in counting time from the Christian Era to the Creation ; 
in which case the reckoning begins at the lower right hand 
corner and proceeds to the left, decade by decade, and year 
after year, until the upper left hand square or year completes 
the century. 

Between the two pair of uprights supporting the frames is 
also another pair, containing grooves, in which is a slide that 
rises and lowers according to the wnsh ; upon these rests a 
cross-bar that holds the curtain suspended between them, the 
object of which is to furnish a light back-ground to either, 



THE HISTORICAL CENTOGRAPH. 29 

and direct the symbols, when pushed through, to the drawer 
below. 

The vertical or central, and transverse or middle partitions, 
cutting each other at right angles, dividing the century into 
four equal parts, are constructed larger than the others : thus, 
they afford strength, while offering a view that gives full 
command of the century, when rapid calculation is necessary. 
In locating the symbols, these guiding lines must be kej)t 
continually before the vision ! " Before and beyond the centre 
line," " Above and beloiv the middle line," are terms with which 
it is necessary to become very familiar. 

The frame with undivided years, Fig. 3, page 14, is intended 
for students, who should only be required to acquaint them- 
selves with the Map of Time and remarkable events : for 
Academies and Colleges, it will not be necessary; inasmuch as 
the other contains all that can be seen upon it — viz., one 
hundred years, arranged into ten rows or decades, five above 
and five below the middle line, each row possessing ten squares, 
five before and five beyond the centre line. The subdivision 
of the years into compartments permits of the representation 
of the same variety of circumstances that have been so graphi- 
cally described in the explanation of the Chart. 

SYMBOLS. 

The symbols, of which we will next speak, when inserted, 
represent distinct ideas of the character of events, accordingly 
as they are placed in one or other of the compartments; 
which latter are always known, in their numerical order, from 
the first sub-division at the upper left, to the ninth at the 
lower right-hand corner of the year. 

They are of two varieties as regards size. 

1st. Large, that represent remarkable events, consisting of 
the square, triangle, octagon, circle, star, &c. ; in fact, arbi- 
trarily, any figure whatsoever constructed to hang upon the 
pin over the center of each year, in front of the nine com- 
partments. 



30 TIIE HISTORICAL CENTOGRAPII. 

2nd. Small cubes, adapted to the compartments. When 
used, they are the representatives of small squares, half 
squares, crosses, circles, semi -circles and triangles. They can 
represent six different histories by variety of color, or six 
distinct characters of events, if the same color be upon every 
side. For instance : black, blue, red, yellow, green and gold 
may cover the respective sides of a cube. It, hence, may 
indicate, in the first compartment of a year, war in any of the 
countries represented by these colors ; or, if the same color be 
upon all sides of the cube, it can afford us the fully painted 
square, the half square, two crosses, the circle and triangle. 
For other marks than these, a second set of cubes will be 
necessary. When in position, the symbols represent the same 
characters and are read in the like manner as are those upon 
the Chart of Time. 

Properly constructed, the Centograph is a neat and useful 
piece of school furniture, as lasting as the school-house itself, 
possessing the means of representing the past in so accurate a 
manner, that no single year can be mentioned which cannot 
be brought before the class and pointed to the vision ! It is 
also an intelligent piece of furniture for the Academy, the 
College, or the Parlor, allowing, whenever and wherever 
advantage is taken of it, excellent opportunities for mental 
improvement. The black-board permits of the registration of 
all past centuries, while the diagram of one hundred years 
offers the opportunity of directing the attention to the exact 
time sought. 

INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING THE CENTOGRAPH. 



1st. Place it where all may have a good opportunity of 
seeing it. 

2nd. Open the drawer in which are the symbols by remov- 
ing the lid, if practicable ; or, if not, let it be turned back 
upon its hinges and held in position by the iron hooks attached 
for that purpose. 



INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING THE CENTOGRAPH. 31 

3rd. Adapt the curtain so that a light back-ground will 
appear ; and, that the cubes, when pushed through, will be 
directed to the drawer. 

4th. Arrange whatever preliminaries the common-sense on 
any particular occasion may suggest, after which, the In- 
structor should call the attention to the black-board ; inasmuch 
as, throughout every lesson, it performs an important part. 

If the history of the first century, before or after Christ, be 
under consideration, no figures must appear upon it, as that 
one hundred years is represented by the Centograph itself, 
which is recognized accordingly as the black-board is attached 
above or below the frame. If the events of the second cen- 
tury are demanding attention, the black-board becomes the 
representative of the first, which must be plainly and legibly 
written upon it. If the third century contain the facts of the 
lesson, then, of course, two hundred will appear upon the 
board. In this way it will be seen that the object of the 
black-board is to represent the complete centuries of the past, 
while the Centograph offers the opportunity of registering the 
parts or whole of the one hundred years under consideration. 

The Instructor now directs the student to set the first cen- 
tury of the Christian Era in the following manner : — Take 
from the drawer a large blue symbol; suspend it upon the 
first row, shelf, or decade, five before the centre partition or 
bar, always counting the one in which the symbol is placed. 
What does it signify ? A remarkable event in the Church. 
In what year 1 One. The key or teacher may now tell its 
meaning — the Nativity of Christ. The student then reads the 
Centograph thus: In the year (A.D.) ], vulgar era, Christ 
was born. This is the grand point from which all reckonings 
of the Christian Era are made. Take a cube, black and fully 
painted ; place it upon the first row, one beyond the centre 
line, in the second compartment. What does it indicate ? A 
conquest by the Romans. In what year 1 Six. The key 
again supplies the required information concerning the terri- 
tory conquered — Judea. The student reads it thus : In the 
year 6 (A.D.), during the reign of Augustus Caesar, Judea was 



32 INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING THE CENTOGRAPH. 

conquered by the Romans. Take another cube, black, half 
painted ; place it upon the same row, four beyond the centre 
line, in the first compartment. What does it represent? A 
battle, in which the Romans took an active part. Again the 
key supplies the information — Teutobnrg. The student now 
reads : In the year 9 the Romans were defeated by Herman, 
a German prince, at the battle above-named. What next If 
Take a cube, fully painted, black; place it upon the second 
decade, two before the centre line, in the fifth compartment. 
What does it indicate ? Sovereign power among the Romans. 
The key : Tiberius made Caesar at Rome. In what year ? 
Fourteen. It may now be read thus from the Centograph : 
A.D. 14. Tiberius became the Roman Caesar. Thus, century 
after century may be written during lessons of one-half hour 
each with great advantage, profit, and interest. 

In reckoning from the birth of Christ back to the Creation 
attach the black-board to the bottom of the century, when the 
first square on the lower right, becomes the first year before 
Christ. To locate, Rome founded by Romulus : put 700 
upon the board and the Centograph will represent the 8th 
century B.C. • Take a remarkable event symbol — suspend it 
upon the sixth row, counted from the bottom, upwards — three 
before the centre line. The key explains if necessary, &c, &c. 

When the lesson is completed, the Centograph may remain 
where an occasional glance will more effectually register its 
contents upon the memory. If, however, it is determined to 
free it of the symbols, the cubes are easily pushed through 
against the curtain and fall into the drawer, where they can 
be orderly arranged. By keeping this fact in view, the habit 
of order (a desirable one in all things) can be enforced. 

The Centograph is more practical than the Chart. It 
admits to rectify mistakes without the loss of material of any 
kind. This cannot be done upon paper blank charts, when 
variously colored crayons have been used. 

It has the power of attracting the attention of children, 
making History appear more like a play than real study. It 
requires the pupils to tell, what they are being taught, in their 



THE HISTORICAL STATE. 33 

own language, affording the teacher an opportunity to correct 
their style and manner of describing events. It, like the 
Chart, permits to follow any particular historian in his divi- 
sions and sub-divisions of the subject. Upon it can be regis- 
tered Universal or Special History. In following a particular 
History, any color may be chosen, by which, for the time 
being, to register facts and dates. It is adapted to all ages and 
powers of intellect, permitting as much and as little historical 
matter as may be desirable- 



THE HISTORICAL SLATE. 



This is a square, constructed to hold within its folds a 
diagram of one hundred years, which, when opened, it exposes 
to view. The margin surrounding the century is slated, to 
permit of its answering the purposes of a black board. Its 
symbols, made of leather or paper, can be placed upon it in 
the manner already described for adapting them to the Cento- 
graph. In their application to History, they are also possessed 
of the same meaning as are those in the Centograph or upon 
the Chart. 

Upon the Slate time can be accurately marked, and histo- 
rical events, by practice, may be orderly impressed upon the 
minds of very small children, without much seeming fatigue. 
When the lesson is finished, the symbols may be placed in 
their box and the diagram closed ; it then offers all the advan- 
tages of a slate upon which to practice registering the dates 
with the slate pencil. Now that the time for a change of 
subject has arrived, it may again be folded in book form and 
set at rest. — (See page 12). 

From what has been said in the foregoing pages, a careful 
consideration will doubtless bring us to the following conclu- 
sions : — 

1st. That the Chart, Centograph, and Historical Slate repre- 



34 STATISTICAL. 

sent Time, arranged upon the decimal system, with mathe- 
matical accuracy. 

2nd. That they are wonderfully simple and within the com- 
prehension of all. 

3rd. That each, though in a manner seemingly dependent 
upon the other, may be independent of the other. 

4th. That while the Chart represents the most extended view 
of Time, the Centograph and Slate afford superior advantages 
for practical operations before a Class. 

5th. That their principles are one and the same. 

6th. That it is hardly possible to be a correct and thorough 
universal historian without their use. 

7th. They offer effectual and practical means by which 
teachers can organize the minds of children ; indelibly photo- 
graphing their memories with substantial facts that, later in life, 
are sure to become the subjects or nuclei of thought ; and 
which, besides forming useful food for mental digestion, are 
certain to stimulate the powers of the understanding when the 
brain is more fully developed. 



STATISTICAL. 



To represent the population of country, in round numbers, 
upon the Centograph or Slate, proceed as follows : — 

1st. Assume the nine compartments of the year square, in 
the same order as already known, to become the nine digits, 
and the remakable event to take the place of the cypher, with 
the unit to the left—?', e., let it represent the number 10. It 
now is in our power to count from one to ten inclusive. 

2nd. Fix a value upon the cube possessing the color of the 
country whose population is to be represented ; let it be 100,000. 

3rd. Then let it be understood that into whatever compart- 



STATISTICAL. 35 

ment the cube will be pushed, it will stand multiplied by the 
digit therein represented ; hence, if placed in No. 5, it must 
be read 500,000 ; if in No. 9, it will indicate 900,000, &c. 
The remarkable event must then be understood to complete 
the million. It denotes the highest capacity of the square, 
and is only required when the number is complete. 

Wherever found, the remarkable event indicates as many 
millions, as is the number of the year square over which it has 
been suspended. Let a cube now be placed in any particular 
square of the century, say upon the sixth row, three be- 
fore the centre line, in compartment sixth. What color ? Gold. 
What does it mean ? Gold being the representative of the his- 
tory of the United States,refers to the population of that couiv 
try ; and as it must be understood that all the years before the one 
in which is the cube are the representatives of complete mil- 
lions, — i.e., that each, in counting, represents 1,000,000, — it 
therefore follows that the cube above placed must be the 
representative value of 52,600,000 — the population of the 
United States. If more than 100,000,000 is required, as is 
the case with China, the first one hundred millions must be 
marked upon the black-board, and thus the process continues. 

In reckonings of whatever kind, that which has been marked 
upon the board must be added. 

Before drawing attention to the Facts of the various periods 
and Epochs, I think it well to again notice the propriety 
of reading all events from the Chart, Centograph or Slate, from 
which the dates must be given without the slightest reference 
to the figures opposite the event in the key. This is particu- 
larly applicable to students. They should never be allowed 
to look for the date of a fact, in. any other place, than in its 
position with reference to the central and middle lines in the web 
of Time, where, by careful practice, it will be sure to manifest 
itself With surprising readiness. 



36 loverin's 

DEFINITIONS WORTHY OF SPECIAL ATTENTION. 

History is the science of past events. 

Events are facts that have happened or transpired in the 
world, and have reference to time and place. 

Time is the period of duration passing while events are 
transpiring, the science of which is called chronology. 

Place is the locality where an event happens ; and, its 
description referring to the earth's surface is called geography. 

Obs. 1. Geography and chronology have long since been termed " the two eyes 
of history.'" 

Obs. 2. The place where and the time when an event happened are inseparable. 
They of necessity exist conjointly, and hence the science of the time is worthy of 
the highest consideration. 

Obs. 3. Time, in the abstract, is the period or portion of duration that transpires 
or passes while planets are revolving on their axes in their orbits through space. 

Space is the entity, or expanse of Creation, where or in 
which their revolutions take place. 

Obs. 4. Each planet has its own time, measured by its revolutions upon its axis 
around its orbit, which are so regularly performed that computations made from 
them are nearer exactitude than any others. 

Obs. 5. The beginning and end of the time, in reference to a planet, is synonym- 
ous to, or coincident with, the commencement and termination of its existence. 

Obs. 6. Our time is measured by the cycles of the earth's motion, either in 
regard to itself upon its axis, or in its orbit around the sun, its controlling 
body. 

A Cycle is a complete period or circuit of time. 

The Solar Year is measured by the earth's cycle around 
the sun, and consists of three hundred and sixty-five days and 
six hours (nearly). Each year of the Chart of Time consists 
of one solar year. 

A Period is a cycle or circuit of time, varying according to 
its prescribed boundaries. 

A Lustrum is a period of five years. 

A Decade is a period of ten years. 

An Epoch is a point of time from which a new reckoning 
begins. 

An Era denotes any grand period or division of time. 

A Generation is the space of thirty, or thirty-three years. 

An Age is about the same as a generation. 



CHART OP TIME 37 

Obs. 7. Chronologers, however, have used the latter in many senses — as : The 
Ages of the Creation, The Dark Ages, The Golden, Silver, Brazen, Iron and Stone 
Ages, The Seven Ages of Man (Shakspeare), &c. 

A Millennium consists of one thousand years. 
A Decamillennium is ten thousand years. 

Obs. 8. When the Chart of Time will have extended to and reached this latter 
number, it then will have become a grand square wherein, if we consider the 
spaces, central and middle, analogous to the central and middle lines of the dia- 
gram of one hundred years, we will have no difficulty in recognizing that one 
hundred of Centuries are completed. 

A Centimillennium embraces a period of one hundred 
thousand years. 

EEMAEKS. 

It is self-evident that time is absolutely necessary for the 
production of an event, however brief, inasmuch as it is the 
period during which anything happens. 

At the first moment of existence we are brought in imme- 
diate contact with it. As soon as life is perceptible its sands 
are in active motion, and the processes of change are begun, to 
continue through the various stages of advancement and decay. 
Immediately the seconds, minutes, hours, weeks, months, 
seasons and years of human life are on the wing ; from the 
first to the last inspiration of our existence ; therefore, time to 
us is practically a subject of the highest importance. 

Thus it is from the cradle to the grave ; and, what is true of 
individuals is not less so of nations, as well as of our earth and 
the world around us, of which we are but a very small portion ! 

To the student of history an event and the time of its 
having transpired are each of value, and while the knowledge 
of one without the other may afford some satisfaction, it is not 
to be compared with the cognizance of both, respectively 
named Fact and Date. 

They supply the basis or groundwork of history, and 
are as essential to a good understanding of the subject as a 
knowledge of anatomy is to the practical surgeon. 

Time might reasonably be compared to the osseous struc- 
ture of the human body, in, and upon which, facts and dates 
are held and supported in an orderly manner. It being that 
portion of duration in which events occur, suggests the pro- 



38 loverin's 

priety of chart representation with the circumstances pro- 
perly arranged n their places. 

Let us, to use a familiar expression, weave time, and in our 
web mark off the periods, epochs, eras, centuries, decades and 
years, with their events carefully and correctly arranged and 
fastened where we may study their position, nature, causes 
and effects. This having been done, suspend them upon the 
wall for future examination, and then, if wholly on the decimal 
system, and all time known to historians is before the eye, we 
will have become possessed of " LOVERIN'S GRAND HIS- 
TORICAL CHART OF TIME." By gazing upon this we 
are able to consider and submit to the field of vision seven 
thousand years at one view without the least inconvenience. 

If we except the Chinese Annals, we can examine history 
from the Creation to the present time ! and as rapidly as elec- 
tricity or thought, oscillate from point to point, backwards 
and forwards — now dilating upon this and now upon that 
event ; until, soon, the complete panorama of universal history 
is indelibly registered upon the retina and passed into the 
" storehouse " of the mind, where it will ever remain ready 
for use. 

Thus the wonderful agents of the special sense of sight, 
the optic nerves, take the place of the imagination in inducting 
facts and registering them upon the marble tablet of the mind. 
Their centres or ganglia are in proximate communication with 
the entire cerebral structures. 

Ihe mind, the intelligent power, is the faculty of thought, 
the understanding, and the possessor of the memory. The 
various avenues to it are through the nerves of common and 
special sensation, of which those of vision are the most impor- 
tant. 

It has been compared to " a clean sheet of paper," " a 
blackboard," " a marble slab," upon which may be marked or 
engraven whatever would be best adapted to assist its pos- 
sessor through life. Hence the propriety of great care and 
good judgment in the selection of material for early and con- 
tinuous culture. 



CHART OF TIME. 39 

In order to effect the happiest results the mind must be sub- 
jected to system, order, method, etc. ; so that it will, like the 
skillful artisan, be able at any moment, without the assistance 
of a taper, to place itself in possession of whatever fact it may 
wish to use. 

The brain being the originator and receptacle of our ideas, 
much will depend upon its condition. 

A good storehouse must be a sound building, well ven- 
tilated and cleanly, with every facility present to permit 
of its beina: thus continued. Like the contents of such a 
building, so also the mind. It must be dependent upon a. 
healthy brain, which generally presupposes a sound body j 
an active pulmonary and vascular system, good agents ever 
ready to continuously oxidise the blood ; and emunctories 
equal to every emergency. 

A vigorous body, possessed of a healthy brain, to which 
there is free access of properly oxygenated blood, affords the 
best condition for the greatest development of the mind.* 



To be able to command knowledge in the right time and 
place is a matter of importance ; and, as history is the great 
arsenal from which we derive the supplies, it is proper to give 
it the attention it merits. 

No one will deny that it is a science for the study of nations 
as well as individuals. 

Its pages are filled with examples of virtue, and warnings of 
vice ; where valuable lessons may be had by those whose duty 
it is to act for the best interests of society, in which respect 
it is suited to all ranks and classes of individuals. 

The superior and inferior, the king and humble peasant, the 
governor and the governed, can each, and every one, learn from 
it what may be useful for practical consideration. 

So much can hardly be said of any other subject of study : 
hence, the propriety of endeavoring to ascertain how best to 
comprehend what is of such importance ! 

Is it not well, therefore to obtain a general knowledge of its 

* " Mens sana in cor pore sano." 



40 loverin's 

facts in such a way, as, in the meantime, to possess our memo- 
ries with the exact dates of their occurrences ? In a word : is it 
not a duty devolving upon us, to give this valuable and instruc- 
tive science all the attention its usefulness demands ? 

Volumes, offering years of labor and toil to the ambitious 
student, are printed and published that, alas ! sparingly reward 
his industry. These, when considered in connection with the 
brevity of human life, forbid a very extensive knowledge of the 
subject of history without some means whereby we can, im- 
mediately, seize upon the facts and readily extract them from 
the (Ubris, where they are too often by opinionated writers 
wordily placed. 

To supply this great want, the Chart of Time is pressed 
forward for examination and consideration. Its advantages 
consist in its capacity for at once including the whole subject ; 
placing it where facts can be localized and indelibly registered 
upon the memory. 

History and chronology, orderly linked together, are seized 
upon by the sense of vision, the most important agent of 
the mind ; and without the painful necessity of committing 
to memory a long list of meaningless figures. Facts localize 
themselves in the same way as do villages, cities, towns, rivers 
and ranges of mountains upon the geographical map, but with 
much greater accuracy. 

Through proper use of the Chart of Time, the general out- 
lines of the whole subject can be more easily and effectually 
obtained than by any other means heretofore introduced; but, 
as previously mentioned, books must be sought and examined 
for the philosophy of history. 

Standard works and carefully selected incidents, frequently 
related by intelligent teachers, are the principal means by 
which the w 7 isdom of this valuable branch of science must 
be acquired ! And, while facts and dates do not constitute 
all that is necessary for the student, they are nevertheless 
the substructure or basis, and whoever would become a 
practical and useful historian must neither ignore the one 
nor despise the other. They are, of necessity, his foundation 



CHART OF TIME. 41 

for the superstructure, and must be known in order to appre- 
ciate the higher and more ennobling part — the philosophy — 
so much admired by some of our leading historians. 

In the matter of cause and effect, whereby we arrive at con- 
clusions, discretion must be a prominent virtue, lest plausible 
deception creep in upon us unawares, especially in those nicer 
points where double reasoning may press us onward to very 
different conclusions. To illustrate, allow me to call to your 
attention the words of John Lingard, the late great Catholic 
writer of English History. He says : " I advance but few 
pretensions to that which has been called i the philosophy of 
history,' and which on a former occasion I had the temerity 
to denominate i the philosophy of romance.' It is the 
privilege of the novelist, as I then remarked, to be always 
acquainted with the secret motives of those whose conduct 
and character he delineates ; but the writer of history can 
know no more than his authorities have disclosed, or the facts 
themselves necessarily suggest. If he indulge in imagination, 
if he pretend to detect the hidden spring of every action, the 
real origin of every event, he may embellish his narrative, but 
he will impose upon his readers, and probably upon himself. 

" Much research and experience have entitled me to form 
an opinion ; and, I have little hesitation in saying that, few 
writers have done more to pervert the truth of history than 
philosophical historians. They may display great acuteness of 
investigation, a profound knowledge of the human heart; but 
little reliance can be placed on the fidelity of their statements. 
In their eagerness to establish some favorite theory, they are 
apt to overlook every troublesome or adverse authority, to 
distort facts in order to form a foundation for their system, and 
to borrow from their own fancy whatever may be wanting 
for its support and embellishment. Of the ease with which 
history may thus be made to bend to any hypothesis, a strong 
illustration is furnished by the controversy respecting the un- 
fortunate Mary Stuart. The leading facts of her story admit 
of no dispute : but her enemies have attributed to the Scottish 
Queen one set of motives, her advocates another ; from either, 



42 loverin's 

the explanation of her subsequent conduct naturally follows • 
and, in the one case, she stands before us convicted of adultery 
and murder; in the other, she appears an innocent and much 
injured woman." (Vol. 1, page xxvii., preface to Lingard's 
last edition.) 

Pope in his Essay on the Life, Writings and Learning of 
Homer in reference to these philosophers says : " They begin 
with acquainting us that the time in which he lived has never 
been fixed beyond dispute, and that the opinions of authors 
are various concerning it. But the controversy, in its several 
conjectures, includes a space of years, between the earliest and 
latest, from twenty-four to about five hundred after the siege 
of Troy." 

It is well, therefore, to remember the propriety of guarding 
somewhat against those who are only too ready to philosophize 
upon facts of which they can have no conceivable idea further 
than their existence; and yet, it ought not to be forgotten that 
in the study of the science of history, our reason must be exer- 
cised, in order to arrive at principles involved, and to free them 
from as much doubt as possible, consistant with justice and 
dignity. 



Before introducing the facts, constituting the body of this 
work, or calling attention to the Periods and Epochs it will 
be well to understand the following definitions of history, as 
represented by various authors of undoubted reputation who 
have specially examined and written upon it. 

DEFINITIONS OF HISTORY. 

1. " (luropia), — A narration of events and facts delivered with 
dignity." — (Pope.) 

2. Narration, relation," ("Wiseman) 

3. The knowledge of facts and events." (Watts) — Dictionary, 
hy Samnel Johnson, A.M. second edition, a. d. mdcclx. 



CHART OF TIME. 43 

" (Historia, from histor, a witness G.). — A narration or descrip- 
tion of several transactions, actions or events of a state, king or 
jirivate person, delivered in the order in which they happened ; 
a narration or relation. In painting it denotes a picture com- 
posed of divers figures or persons, representing some transaction 
either real or feigned. 

" Natural History is a description of the productions of nature 
whether plants, animals, vegetables, rivers, etc." — Barclay's 
enlarged and improved English Dictionary, not dated 



" Historia, ae. f. (iaropia'), 1. — A relation of actions and events, 
history, erat enim historia nihil aliud nisi annalium confectio, Cic : 
h. testis temporum, Id. ; pater historia?, Id. — 2 (Meton, gen. A.) — 
Any particular history, a record, a narrative, tale, si quid in ea 
epistolo fait historia dignum, Cic, etc., etc." — Charles Ant lion's. 
Latin-English, and English-Latin Dictionary. 



" 'iaropia ac, y, the knowledge acquired by observation, examina- 
tion or inquiry ; the narration of facts ; history. 'larpti^a, arog, to, 
that which has been seen or examined into ; that which has been 
related ; a fact ; a history." — Donnegan's Greek and English Lexicon, 
1846. 



" 'iaropia, as, ■>). 1. Cognoscendi studium ; 2. Lustratio locorum ; 
3. Percontatis, inquisitis ; 4. Commentatis ; 5. historia, rerum gesta- 
rura expositis; 6. Scientia; 7. Sensus scripturae historicus sive 
liberalis." 

" 'Iaropia, u.j. tjcu, inquiro, sciscitor, exploro." (verb). — Henderice 
Lexacon, T. Tayoa, London, 1803. 



" The term History comprehends a record of all the remarkable 
transactions which have taken place among the human family. 
It is the collected result of individual experience in every ago 
and nation, and is, consequently, a source of practical wisdom 
to legislators and rulers, and of profitable reflection to private 
persons." — Robbin's Outlines of History. 



44 EXTRACTS FROM 

" History is the narration of past events in the regular order 
of their occurrence, togethor with the consideration of their 
causes and effects. 



EXTEACTS FEOM VAEIOUS AUTHOES. 

Numerous and diverse are the epochs of the Creation, as 
will be seen by the following extracts from a popular work 
of the last century. 

" History is, without all doubt, the most instructive and 
useful, as well as entertaining part of Literature : more espe- 
cially, when it is not confined within the narrow bounds of 
any particular Time or Place, but extends to the Transactions 
of all Times and Nations " * * * 

" This variety of Computations hath left room for Chrono- 
logers to enlarge or contract the Space of Time befciwixt the 
Flood and the Birth of Christ, by adhering to one Copy rather 
than another ; or by rejecting or retaining the whole Numbers 
or the Particulars just as it Suited their Humour of making 
the Sacred History agree with the Prophane ; or otherwise of 
reducing the Prophane to the Sacred. And as the Disa- 
greement among the heathen Writers is great also, and every 
author hath followed the Historian he liked best, hence a wide 
difference hath arisen amongst Modern Chronologers, as ap- 
pears by the various Computations, Several of them have made 
of the years of the World to the Birth of Christ, which we 
give here as collected by Strauchius and Chevreau and others" 



*'a table of years of the world to THE BIRTH OF CHRIST, 

ACCORDING TO THE COMPUTATION OF SEVERAL CHRONOLOGERS. 

B.C. 

< Years. Mths. 

Alphonsus, King of Castile [in Midler's Tables] 6984 

The same [in Strauchius] C4S4, 9 

Onupbrius Panvinius 6310 

Suidas G000 

Lactantius Philastrius 5S01 



VARIOUS AUTHORS. 45 

B.C. 

Years. Mths. 

Nicephorus , 5700 

Clemens Alexandrinus , 5624 

The author of the Fasti Siculi 560S, 9 

Isaac Vossius, and the Greeks 5598 

The same [in Chevreau] 5590 

Theophilus Antiochenus 5515 

The Constantinopolitans and Grabe's Septuagint 550S, 3 

Cedremus [in Chevreau] 5506 

Julius Africanus, Theophanes, Eubychius, etc 5500 

The Ethiopians 5499, 9 

Cedrenus [in Strauchius] 5493, 9 

Panodorus 5493 

Maximus Monachus 5491, 9> 

Sulpitius Severus 5469 

Victor Giselius, in his remarks on Sulpitius 5419 

St. Austin [in Genebrard] 5351 

Isodorus Pelusiota 5336 

Abunazar 5328 

Rabanus Mauru s 5296 

Isador Hispalensis [in Strauchius] 5210 

Paulus de Fossembrona 5201 

Eusebius 5200, 5 

Beda [in Strauchius] 5199 

Phillippus, Bergamensis, Orosius, etc 5198 

Philo, the Jew, Sigebert 5096 

Epi phanius 5049 

Metrodorus 5000 

* [Selon la chronologie des Benedictines] 4963 

Ado, Archbishop of Vienna 4832 

Josephus, corrected 4698 

Odiato or Ebwico 4320 

Maurian us Scotus 4192, 9 

Laurentius Codomannus 4141, 8 

The same [L. Godmeau in Chevreau] 4140 

* Par Ed. Wautier D'Halluvin. 



46 EXTRACTS FROM 

B.C. 

Years. Mths. 

Ribera 4095 

Oenebrard 4090 

Arnold de Pontac 40S8 

Michael Maestlinus 4079,3 

F. Baptist Ricciolus 4062, 3 

R. Moses Maimonides 405S 

Jacobus Salianus [in Strau chins] 4053, 9 

The same [in Chevreau] 4052 

Henr Spondanus 4051, 9 

Tormellus 4051 

Gul. Laugius [in Strauchius] 4041,9 

The same [in Chevreau] 4040 

Erasmus Reinbold 4021, 3 

Jacobus Cappellus 4005, 3 

John Wickman 4004,9 

Thomas Lydiat and Laurence Eichstadt 4004 

Edward Simpson and Archbishop Usher 4003,9 

M. Ant. Cappellus and Arch'p Usher [in Chevreau]... 4000 

Dionysius, Petavius, Decker, Kepler, &c. [in Chevreau] 39S4 

Petavius [in Strauchius] 39S3, 3 

Krentzheim 3971, 9 

Abraham Bucholtzer [in Strauchius] 3970,9 

The same, J. Cluverius [in Chevreau] ^ 3970 

Pantaleon, Boxbornius, Jansenius, M. Dresser S 

Christ Matthias, J. Cluverius [in Strauchius] 3968, 9 

Henry Bunting [in Strauchius] 3967,9 

The same [in Chevreau] and Andrew Soelmatter 3967 

Christ Longomontanus 3966, 3 

Peter Opeemer 3966 

Christ Longomontanus in his hypothesis in Astrono- i 

mian Danicam, Tostatus, Philip Melancthon, > 3964 

Funccius and others [in Strauchius] ) 

Melancthon, Funccius, &c. [in Chevreau] 3963 

Jacobus Hynlimus ^ 3963, 3 

Sextus Senensis 3962 



VARIOUS AUTHORS. 47 

B.C. 

Years. Mths. 

Job Lucidas, Sculter, John Lightfoot and several \ 

others, Alph Salmeron [in Chevreau], John > 3959 

Picus, Count of Mirandola and others ) 

Lamburg and Salmeron [in Strauchius] 3958 

J. G. Herwart ab Hobenburg 3955 

Beda Hermannus Contractus, George Herwart [in ^ „ q _ g 

Chevreau] 5 

Cornelius a Lapide 3951 

Scaliger, Calvisius, Ubbo Emmius, Behmius, and > _- q . q 

Helvicus [in Strauchius J S 

Origen, Argoli, John Seybor 3949 

Christiannus Schotanus 3948, 3 

Johannes Micraelius 394S 

Scaliger Calvisius Helvicus [in Chevreau] 



, 3947 
Alfred, &c 

Hermannus Contractus [in Strauchius] 3945,9 

•John Carrion 3944 

St. Jerom, in his Hebraic questions 3941 

Gerard Mercator 3928 

Matthaeus Beroaldus 3927, 3 

B. Arius Montanus • 3S49 

Andreas Helvigius 3836 

Some Talmudists 3784 

The Jews' vulgar computation 3760 3 

R. David Ganz [in Strauchius] 3760 

Hieron a Sancta Fide, Paulus de S. Maria Galatinus ) 

Georgius Venetus ^ 

R. Habson, in his treaties of the Cycles of the Pass- 



, 3740 
over 

R. Jason Nosen 3734 

R. Abraham Zaccuth 3671 

The lesser chronicon of the Jews 3670 

R. Lippoman 3616" 

"It would be an endless as well as useless task to particu- 
arize the causes of the difference between the above-named 
authorities. 



48 EXTRACTS FROM 

"As to the chronology of the ancients there is no depend- 
ing on it." " The Chronology of the ancient Greek authors 
is no less uncertain." " The chronology of the Latins is still 
more uncertain." 

" On strict view and due examination of the antiquities of 
nations, and the records which have been left us, those of the 
Jews, exclusive of Divine Authority, will evidently (?) appear 
to be the most certain and authoritative, and, consequently, 
the surest foundation to build our chronology upon." 

Preface Ixvii, Ixviii, Ixix, and Ixxii, A.D. mdccxliv. 

From original authors. Vol. 1. Universal History. 



In M. Lavoisne's History and Geography may be found the 
following referring to History and Chronology — Introduction : 

" History is very justly esteemed a considerable branch of 
polite literature : few accomplishments are more valued than 
an accurate knowledge of it, and scarcely any literary produc- 
tions are more regarded than well-written histories. The 
justice of this observation has been acknowledged by the 
wisest and best of men in all civilized countries. Cicero has 
said of history, that it enables us to triumph over time itself, 
by carrying us back through the vast and devouring space of 
numberless lapsed ages, and making us eye witnesses of all the 
revolutions that have happened in the world, and he pro- 
nounces a sentence of perpetual childhood on the man who 
continues ignorant of what has passed prior to his birth. * * * 
In unfolding the transactions of past ages, she [history] enables 
him [Man] to appreciate existing circumstances, and by a train 
of reasonings and deductions, to anticipate consequences in 
years to come. Hence a knowledge of History becomes es- 
sential to his well being." * * * 

" It is acknowledged that the chronology of the early ages 
has difficulties which the most learned writers have acknow- 
ledged, without being able to solve them : there being no less 



VARIOUS AUTHORS. 49 

than 132 opinions, or different modes of calculation of the 
years between the Creation of the world and the Nativity of 
Jesus Christ ; those who reckon the greatest number of years 
estimate them at 7,000, and those who give the least, 3,700 ; 
while the more prevalent opinion fixes the birth of Christ in 
the 4000th year of the world. In the intermediate space 
between these two most important events there are, however, 
certain fixed points, from which the chronologer may reckon 
backward or forward with very considerable precision, and 
though he cannot satisfy himself as to particulars till about 
the time of David's reign over Israel, -he may obtain such 
a general view of the state of affairs in the world at any given 
period as will answer all the purposes of information and 
amusement : unless, indeed, his object be critical disputation, 
in which case he will find himself involved in a labyrinth, 
without licrht or clue that can assist in his extrication." 

" The fixed points just alluded to are denominated 2Eras 
or Epochas ; and though they rather apply to the chronology 
of the country from whose history they are taken, they never- 
theless admit of application to that of the world at large, 
serving as boundaries of distinct portions of time, within 
which the less important events are included. Thus the 
Greeks dated many of the events of their history, first, from 
the Argonautic Expedition ; next, from the Siege of Troy ; then 
from the settlement of Cecrops in Attica, and the Foundation 
of Athens ; and lastly from the Olympic Games ; the estab- 
lishment of the latter took place 776 years before the Christian 
2Era, in the reign of Uzziah, king of Judah ; and from this 
epocha only can we rely on the accuracy of the Grecian 
annals. The epochas of the early Assyrians and Egyptians 
are too much mixed with legendary exaggeration to admit of 
the least reliance being placed on them. The Babylonish vEra 
of Nabonassar does not commence till the year 747 B. C, 
when that prince ordered the records of his predecessors to 
be destroyed, and directed regular annals to be kept of the 
political and civil concerns of the kingdom, as also of the 
eclipses, it being in his reign that the study of Astronomy 

D 



50 EXTRACTS FROM 

was restored, and the science matured to a comparative degree 
of perfection. The epochaof the Romans commenced with the- 
building of the city of Rome in the year 753 B. C. These 
three epochas commence about the middle of the eighth century 
before the Christian ^Era, and furnish data sufficient to enable 
us to fix the subsequent events of history with tolerable preci- 
sion. But during the antecedent lapse of upwards of 3000 
years, the chronology of profane history is professedly uncer- 
tain, and it is only when we catch a glimpse of some of the 
principal nations- which are incidentally mentioned in the 
Holy Scriptures that the epochas of those dark ages can be 
brought to any approximation to the truth. 

In Sacred History we have seven important epochas, viz. : 
1. The Creation ; 2. The Deluge ; 3. The Call of Abraham ; 
4. The Deliverance of Israel from Egypt, and the Promulga- 
tion of the Laws at Sinai ; 5. The Foundation of Solomon's 
Temple ; 6. The Restoration of the Jews by Cyrus ; 7. The 
Nativity of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. The number 
of years contained in most of these epochas is variously stated 
in the different texts and versions of the Scriptures, as will 
be easily perceived by the following comparative table : 







Hebrew 


Samaritan 






Septuagint 






No. of years. 


No. of years. 




No. of years 


Epocha I. 




1656 


1656 (oi- 


1307) 


2262 


II. 




427 


lO 18 (or 


10^ 


78) 


1257 


" III. 




430 


430 






430 


" IV. 




479 


581 






873 


V. 




476 


479 






521 


" VI. 


} 


532 


532 






532 


Add for error of 
Dionysius. 


4000 
4 


4696 
4 


5S75 
4 



4004 4700 5879 

Of these modes of calculation the Hebrew is most generally 
followed." 

Introduction of Lavoisne's Atlas, A. D. 1821. 



VARIOUS AUTHORS. 51 

1. "The value of any science is estimated according to its 
tendency to promote improvement, either in private virtue, 
or in .those qualities which render man extensively useful in 
society. * * * Under this description falls the science of History." 

2. " History," says Dionysius of Halicarnassus, " is philosophy 
teaching by examples. 

"The superior efficac}'' of example to precept is universally 
acknowledged. All the laws of morality and rules of conduct 
are verified by experience, and are constantly submitted to test 
and examination. History, which adds to our own experience an 
immense treasure of the experiences of others, furnishes innumer- 
able proofs, by which we may verify all the precepts of morality 
and of prudence. 

3. " History, besides general advantages, has a distinct species 
of utility to different men according to their several ranks in 
society and occupations in life. 

4. " In this country it is an indisputable duty of every man 
of liberal birth to be acquainted, in a certain degree, with 
the science of politics ; and history is the school of politics. It 
opens to us the springs of human affairs ; the causes of the rise 
grandeur, revolutions and fall of empires. It points out the reci- 
procal influences of government and of rational manners. It 
dissipates our prejudices, nourishes the love of our country, and 
directs to the best means of its improvement. It illustrates equally 
the blessings of political union and the miseries of factions ; the 
danger, on the one hand, of uncontrolled liberty, and, on the 
other, the debasing influence of despotic power. * * * 

" For these purposes it is necessary to bestow particular atten- 
tion on the manners of nations, their laws, the nature of their 
governments, their religion, their intellectual improvements, and 
their progress in the arts and sciences." — Tyt/er's Elements of 
General History. Introduction to 8th edition, pages 1,2,3,4,5, 
published 1821. Alexander Fraser Tytler (Lord Woodhouselee) , 
1801. 



" History is, without all doubt, the most instructive and useful, 
as well as entertaining part of literature ; more especially when 
it is not confined within the narrow bounds of any particular 
time and place, but extends to the transactions of all times and 
nations. Works of this nature carry our knowledge, as Tully 



52 EXTRACTS FBOM 

observes, beyond the vast and devouring space of numberless 
years, triumph over time, and make us, though living at an 
immense distance, in a manner eye-witnesses to all the events 
and revolutions which have caused astonishing changes in the 
world. By these records it is that we live, as it were, in the very 
time when the world was created ; we behold how it was governed 
in its infancy, how overflowed and destroyed in a deluge of 
water, and again re-peopled; how kings and kingdoms have risen, 
flourished and declined, and by what steps they brought upon 
themselves their final ruin and destruction. From these and other 
like events, occurring in history, every judicious reader may form 
prudent and unerring rules for the conduct of his life, both in a 
private and public capacity. But, as the eminent advantages 
accruing to us from this valuable branch of learning have been 
sufficiently displayed by many others, we shall not trouble our 
readers with a minute detail of them, but hasten to what is 
peculiar to the work which we now offer to the public." — An 
Universal History, Vol. I, Preface, page v, from the earliest account 
of times to the present, compiled from original authors. MDCCXLIV. 
To his Grace, the Duke of Marlborough 



11 History is the most useful of all sciences ; it gives the exper- 
ience of the past, and enables us to presage the future ; it is the 
universal book in which every one possessed of discernment is 
sure to find the lesson that suits him ; it instructs the soldier, 
enlightens the merchant, prepares the statesman, and points out 
to the philosopher the interesting and curious progress of the 
human mind ; in a word, it forms the judgment and nourishes 
the conversation of all the members of society." — Lesage's Histo- 
rical {and Geological) Geneological and Geographical Atlas,. Second 
edition, A. D. 1818. 



" Chronology is a science which treats of time and its several 
divisions, and adjusts these to past transactions by proper notes 
and characters for the benefit of History. * * * "When Chronology 
and History unite their efforts in tracing the connection and 
^dependence of events, and distributing these into proper periods, 
ight arises out of darkness ; our knowledge of human life is 



VARIOUS AUTHORS. 53 

improved; our acquaintance with the world is cultivated; our 
views of Providence are enlarged." 

" A work, therefore, which professes to illustrate a science of so 
great utility and importance must be received with some degree 
of approbation, if the plan and execution bear any proportion to 
the dignity of the subject." — Playgair's System of Chronology — 
James Play/air, D.D., member of the Antiquarian Society of Scotland. 



" Though the value of Chronology, as one of the great land- 
marks of History, be generally admitted, the reduction of the 
different eras and other epochs by which time was formerly com- 
posed to the present mode of calculation, has not received the 
attention in this country to which it is entitled. 

" Every event of History arose from some preceding transac- 
tion, and became, in its turn, the parent of others, either more or 
less important : hence, however trifling in themselves, or, viewed 
without relation to other circumstances, however immaterial the 
precise time of their occurrence may be, there are few that had 
not some influence on the state of the nation in which they took 
place, and not unfrequently also on the affairs of neighboring 
countries. 

" The mere knowledge that any circumstance did happen, is of 
little use for the legitimate purposes of History, the utility of 
which depends on tracing events to their causes ; and when these 
are known, to discover their general consequences. Abstractedly, 
even the greatest event of modern or ancient History can claim 
but little consideration. What would it matter to posterity, for 
example, whether the battle of Waterloo was or was not fought, 
much less the precise day and year when it occurred, were it not 
the first link of a long chain of events, the operation of which on 
Europe, and indeed on the whole civilized world, it would be the 
province of the future historian to describe? Hence arises the 
value of Chronology ; for a mistake in the date of that battle 
might induce a writer to confound cause with effect by supposing 
that Napoleon's second abdication preceded, instead of being the 
result of his defeat at Waterloo. 

" If then History should be studied as a science, that mankind 
may learn from the past what to expect in the future, it neces- 
sarily follows that all the facts which History records ought to 
be referred with mathematical precision to their proper dates ; 



54 EXTRACTS FROM 

for, if one of them be misplaced, the inferences drawn from it 
will be founded upon false premises. 

" Chronology and Geography have been justly called the eyes 
of History, without the light of which all is chaos and uncertainty ; 
but perhaps a better simile would be, that dates are to History 
what latitude and longitude are to navigation — fixing the exact 
position of the objects to which they are applied." 

After demonstrating the surprising indifference to this depart- 
ment of science, he concludes as follows : " The consequence of 
this neglect of a subject on which all dates in English Histoiy, all 
records, and consequently all historical accuracy depend, is shown 
in a manner which is humiliating to our national literature." — 
Chronology of History 1 by Sir Harris Nicholas, K.C.M.G. 



" Eien n'est plus ne"cessaire pour la connaissance de l'histoire 
que la Chronologie ; mais aussi rien n'est plus difficile que de con- 
cilier les anciens historiens pour les mettre d'accord ensemble sur 
l'epoque des ev^nements dont ils nous font le rdcit. 

" La longueur de l'annee n'est pas la meme chez tous les peuples, 
ni dans tous les terns ; les eres sont differentes; il faut en deter- 
miner les commencements et la raarche, afin de comparer les unes 
aux autres et de faire une echelle fixee par le moyen de laquelle 
on puisse mesurer les diverses epoques." 

L'art de verifier les dates des faits Historiques des inscriptions, 
des chroniques et autres anciens monuments, avant l'ere Chr^tienne, 
dans le Discours Pre" liinin aire. 



" The importance of Chronology as a science need not, I sup- 
pose, be insisted upon in the preface of a work addressed to the 
literary world in the nineteenth century. The number of learned 
and ingenious men who have devoted a great portion of their lives 
to the elucidation of the subject, and the encouragement given by 
the public to every work of the kind which appears to possess 
any claim to its attention, shew that. a lively and deep interest in 
enquiries of this nature still exists : that neither the public atten- 
tion nor the subject itself is yet exhausted. 

Page 2. " History is fully entitled to the honorable character 
which it has received 'Philosophy teaching by example.' Incal- 
culable, therefore, must be its value to the human race. 



VARIOUS AUTHORS. 55 

" Histor} 7 is the great instrument which brings, as it were into 
a focus, all the light which the united experience of the world, 
since its creation, can supply on any subject. We have here every 
experiment, whether moral or political, exhibited again and again 
with all possible variety of situation and circumstance. These, in 
their countless modifications, supply the historian with a fund of 
materials rich and inexhaustible. — Crostliwaite s synchronohgy : 
A Treatise on History, Chronology and Mythology, by the Rev. Charles 
Crostliwaite, MDCCCXXXIX. 



Page v. " The use of History is not to load the rnemoiy with 
facts, but to scoi*e the mind with principles — to collect from the 
experience of past ages rules for our conduct as individuals and as 
member of society. —Every historical work, therefore, professes 
to give only a selection of events; and the writer's choice is deter- 
mined by the nature of his history : the general historian directs 
attention to the occurrences that have changed the general aspect 
of society, the revolutions of states and empires, the causes that 
led to them, and the consequences by which they were followed. 
The special historian confines his attention to one class of facts, 
specified in the title of his work; thus, the ecclesiastical historian 
writes only of the affairs of the church ; the military historian 
confines his narrative to wars and battles ; and the commercial 
historian devotes his attention exclusively to trade. 

" But even general historians may in some degree be regarded 
as special ; their object may be called ' political,' that is, they 
profess to describe the destinies of nations, both in their external 
relations with foreign States, and their internal affairs ; under the 
first head are comprised, wars, treaties of peace or alliance; under 
the second, governments, institutions and manners." 

Page vi. :< The necessary companions of History are Chronology 
and Geography; they determine the time when, and the place 
where, each event occurred. The difficulties of Chronology arise 
both from the imperfection of records and from varieties in the 
mode of computation ; the former cannot be remedied ; but to 
prevent the mistakes which may arise from this cause uncertain 
dates have been marked with an asterisk ; the second source of 
confusion is removed by using throughout solar years for a 



56 EXTRACTS PROM 

measure of time, and the Birth of Christ as an era from which to 
reckon." — Taylor s Manuel of History : A Manual of Ancient and 
Modem History, by W. C. Taylor, LLD., M.R.A.S. MDCGCLVI. 



[Introduction.] 

Page 1. "The word 'History' which etymologically means 
'enquiry' or ' research,' and which has many slightly differing uses 
is attached in modern parlance pre-eminently and especially to 
accounts of rise, progress, and affairs of nations. The considera- 
tion of man prior to the formation of political communities, and 
apart from them, belongs to Natural History — and especially to 
that branch of it called Anthropology — but not to History Proper. 

" History Proper is the history of states or nations, both in 
respect to their internal affairs and in regard to their dealings 
one with another. Under the former head, one of the most impor- 
tant branches is Constitutional History, or the history of govern- 
ments. Under the latter are included not only the accounts of the 
wars, but likewise of the friendly relations of the different States, 
and of their commercial or other intercourse." 

Amc. a.D. 

! Ancient 1 476 

J Middle Age. 
(Modern 476 1882 



Page 6 (9). " The fact that all historical events must occur at 
a certain time and in a certain place attaches to History two 
branches of knowledge as indispensable auxiliaries : viz., Chro- 
nology and Geography. By the universal historian these sciences 
should be known completely : and a fair knowledge of them ought 
to be acquired by every historical student. 

" A fixed mode of computing time, and an exact or approx- 
imate reckoning of the period occupied by the events narrated, is 
essential to every methodised history ; nor can any history be 
regarded as complete without a more or less elaborate description 
of the countries which were the theatres of events recorded in it." 

(10). " Exact Chronology is difficult, and a synchronistic view 
of history generally is impossible without the adoption of an era. 
Nations accordingly, as the desire of exactness or the wish to 
synchronise arose, invented eras for themselves, which generally 
remained in use for many hundred years. 



VARIOUS AUTHORS. 57 

" Ancient works on Chronology were numerous, but not many- 
have come down to our times." 

Page 9 (12). " The field of Ancient History may be mapped out 
either synchronistically according to certain periods and epochs, 
or, ethnographically, according to the States and nations. Neither 
of these two methods is absolutely superior to the other, each 
having merits in which the other is deficient — it would be embar- 
rassing to have to choose between them ; but, fortunately, this 
difficulty is obviated b}^ the possibility of combining the two into 
one system." — Rcwlinson's History : A Manual of Ancient History, by 
George Rawlinson, M.A., Camden Professor of Ancient History in 
the University of Oxford, MDCGCLXIX. 



Page vii. " The story of the whole race, like that of each 
separate nation, has ' a beginning, a middle, and an end.' 

" That story we propose to follow from its beginning in the 
sacred records, and from the dawn of civilization in the East. 

" Through successive Oriental Empires — the rise of liberty, and 
the perfection of the heathen polity, arts and literature in 
Greece and Eome — the change which passed over the face of the 
world when the light of Christianity sprung up, etc., etc." 

In his proposition to lay out his work he continues in the 
introduction page 3 : "Amidst all the severing forces of climate, 
colour, language, interest and animosity, our race forms a com- 
plete whole. One in its origin, one even in its true interests, it 
is destined to be one in its final consummation. 

" And it is this that gives a unity to its history. 

Page 4. •' It is not denied that all the facts which have occured 
in the world are bound together by those hidden laws, physical , 
moral and spiritual, which constitute the whole moral govern- 
ment of God. Nor is the historian unconcerned in the working 
of those laws. 

" The actions he has to relate are so connected with the motives 
of the actors, the general external facts with their causes in human 
nature, that his subject must often be regarded in the light of 
science and philosophy.** " 

Page 6. There is one science, however, which can scarcely be 
separated from history — the science of Chronology. The dates of 
events are but a means of giving a more accurate expression to 
their moving series which it is the province of history to describe. 



58 EXTRACTS FROM 

To this the fixed epochs and methods of tochincal chronology are 
merely subsidiary ; and the primary modes of reckoning time may 
be considered as a branch of astronomy." 

" Candour and toleration are the vital breath of historic truth, 
and are never violated with impunity.' 1 

Division of the work f -, A • . ( Creation A.M. I 

1 Ancient - J to 476 AD. 

476 A.D. 

1453 A.D. 

1453 A.D. 

to present time." 

A history of the world from the earliest records to the present time, by 

Philip Smith, B. A., 

A. D., 1864. (Vol. I.) 



" History. 



2 Mediaeval 

3 Modern .. 



" History is very justly esteemed a considerable branch of 
polite literature ; few accomplishments are more valued than an 
accurate knowledge of it ; and scarcely any literary productions 
are more regarded than well-written histories. The justice 
of this observation has been acknowledged by the wisest 
and best of men in all civilized countries. Cicero has said 
of history that it enables us to triumph over time itself, by 
carrying us back through the vast and devouring space of num- 
berless lapsed ages, and making us eye-witnesses of all the revo- 
lutions that have happened in the world ; and he pronounces a 
sentence of perpetual childhood on the man who continues 
ignorant of what has passed prior to his birth. (Nescire quad 
antea quam natus sis acciderit, id est semper esse puerum — 
Cic. in Orat)." 

" Man is a creature not merely born for the present : his 
powers of reflection lay hold upon the past ; his hopes anticipate 
the future. History is the handmaid by which both are subserved. 
In unfolding the transactions of past ages she enables him 
to appreciate existing circumstances, and, by a train of reasonings 
and deductions, to anticipate the consequences in years to come. 
Hence a knowledge of History becomes essential to his well- 
being ; for, by giving him experience of the past, he is not only 
prepared for whatever may occur during the period of his 
existence, but enabled to transmit lessons of wisdom to his 
posterity." 

Idem. — " The ancients were so convinced of tho importance of 
History, that they deified and raised altars to it ; they gave it 



VARIOUS AUTHORS. 59 

the first place among the sciences, and esteemed it before all 
others, because, they said, the study of it required a combination 
of them all. They considered those who devoted themselves to 
this charming study, who were possessed of the necessary talents 
for writing History, as men privileged above their fellows, 
worthy of the greatest recompense and of the highest honors. 
Kings and Rulers of States admitted them to their councils, and 
into their most intimate society : in short, the historian held the 
first rank among his fellow citizens. Herodotus, Thucydides, 
and many others, were loaded with honors equal to those conferred 
upon the most renowned Generals of their age." 

— M. Lavoisne's History and Geography. 



tl And what depths of knowledge and light do we not discover 
in exploring the immense magazine, wherein is exhibited the 
astonishing fluctuation of characters, sects, opinions, laws, and 
customs ; which, while it extends the circle of our knowledge, 
develops the powers of reason, reveals truth to the mind, and 
leads the heart cordially to embrace the cause of virtue. But, on 
the other hand, we must expect to behold weaknesses, follies, 
misfortunes and crimes. Considerations such as these cannot but 
remind us of the part we have individually to sustain on the 
theatre of the world ■ the due performance of which not only 
involves our own happiness, but will have a material influence 
over that of our kindred, our friends, our countiy, and mankind 
at large." 

" Chronology presents the order of time in which the several 
transactions recorded in history occurred. This science has often 
been erroneously neglected by readers of histoiy, from a supposi- 
tion that it could afford them no instruction ; or that its office 
was merely to decide controverted points of uncertain date : but 
historical facts derive a strength and energy from Chronology, 
which may distinguish them from legendary tales, and character- 
ise them as identical links in the chain of human affairs. Chro- 
nology, therefore, is of the first importance to a right under- 
standing of History, as, without it, no just estimate could be 
formed of what must ever be a primary consideration — the state 
of the world at large during the period of which we read." 

" To read History to advantage, it is requisite to be well 
acquainted with the sister-sciences of Geography and Chronology, 
which have emphatically and justly been called " The Eyes of 



60 EXTRACTS. 

History,'" on account of the light and perspicuity they impart to 
it, without the assistance of which the reader will soon find 
himself bewildered and perplexed in the attempt to draw a 
perfect whole from the various detached events presented to his 
view ; and will probably be induced to relinquish his study as a 

vain pursuit." 

History and Geography by M. Lavoisne. 
May 22nd, 1821. 



" Les eludes historiques doivent necessairement commencerpar 
un coup d'ceil sur l'ensemble des faits, avec une histoire generate 
de l'humanite', et hon avec des abre'gds d'histores particulieres. 
Une nation est toujours a l'humanite ce qu'un personnage impor- 
tant est a une nation. Chaque peuple a sa mission de rneme que 

chaque homme a la sienne." 

E. Wautier D'Halluvin, 

Elements aV Histoire universelle. 

" To have at least a general acquaintance with geography and 
history of the country in which we reside is essential to our intel- 
ligent appreciation of its physical resources and civil institu- 
tions." * * * 

Prefatory note to the first edition of Canadian History, &c, 

by J. George Hodgins, 1866. 

" Patriotism will increase in Canada as its history is read." 

Extract from an educational address of the Hon. T. D. McGee. 

" Exactness of historical knowledge depends greatly upon Chro- 
nology and Genealogy." W. F. Collier, L.L.D., Preface 1875. 



" The experience of all teachers witnesses to the lamentable 
deficiency in historical kowledge among their pupils." * * * 

Barnes's History of the United States, 1878. 



HISTORICAL KEY 



TO 



LOVERIN'S CHART OF TIME. 



History lias been, and is, divided into Ancient and Modern. 
The Chart of Time represents Ancient History as extending from 
the Creation to the Nativity of Christ, and Modern History from 
the birth of Christ to the present time. 

Authors differ as to the separating line ; some taking the Fall 
of the Western Roman Empire ; some the Hegira of Mahomet, 
and some the establishment of Charlemagne's Empire, etc., etc. 
However this be, each and every point of division can be recog- 
nized upon the Chart, where the professor or student may follow 
whichever one is the most agreeable. The Middle Ages, of which 
some writer speaks, can be viewed as including from the fall 
of the Western Empire to that of the Eastern — from the com- 
mencement of the Christian Era to the discovery of America by 
Columbus — or, from, any one point to any other, that historians have 
thought proper to fix. 

In the following, the remarkable events are in large, and those 
of lesser importance in small, capitals. 

Hence, they can be readily singled out and used as a special 
practice upon the Chart, where the Grand Facts will have their 
representative characters also prominently marked in their res- 
pective localities. 



62 KEY TO LOVERIN'8 

BEFORE CHRIST. 

CENTURY 50. 

B. C. 

THE CEEATION| aCC01 t ir,St ^! I f t, p 10r T■V••••;• 1q^ 

( " The Benedictines 4963 

CENTURY 41 

THE CREATION, according to the Bible 4004 

The birth of Cain 4003 

The birth of Abel 4001 

CENTURY 39 

The death of Abel 3875 

Birth of Seth 3814 

CENTURY 38 
The birth of Enos 3769 

CENTURY 37 

Birth of Cainan 3079 

Birth of Malaleel 3609 

CENTURY 36 
Birth of Jared 3544 

CENTURY 34 

Birth of Enoch 3382 

Birth of Methuselah 3317 

THE DELUGE (Benedictines) 3308 

CENTURY 33 
Birth of Lamech 3230 

CENTURY 31 

The death of Adam 3074 

The translation of Enoch 3017 



CHART OF TIME. 63 

CENTURY 30 

B.C. 

FO-HI (3300, 2460, 2240,) about 2951 

Birth of Noah 2948 

CENTURY 29 

Death of Fo-Hi 2837 

CENTURY 25 

Noah forewarned of the Deluge and commanded to build ) 24f8 

the Ark J 

Birth of Japheth 2448 

Birth ofSbem 2446 

THE EGYPTIAN MONARCHY (2188), Menes 2412 

CENTURY 24 

THE DELUGE (Biblical) , 

Death of Methuselah 

The Covenant of the Rainbow 2347 

CENTURY 23 

The construction of the Tower of Babel and dispersion of ) 9247 

mankind J 

THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE, Nimrod 2234 

The First Chinese Family from Fo-Hi (Hia) 2206 

CENTURY 22 

Job, the most patient man (1520) 2180 

THE HYKSOS OR SHEPHERD KINGS, " Second •) 

Dynasty," I 2159 

Timane or Concharus, first of the Shepherd Kings of Egypt ) 
Hieroglyphics, invented by Athotes of Egypt (about) 2112 

CENTURY 21 
SICYON FOUNDED, jEgialus 2089 

CENTURY 20 

Death of Noah 1998 

Birth of Abram (Abraham) 1996 

THE CALL OF ABRAHAM 1921 



64 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

B.C. 

Abraham defeats Chord orlaomer, King of Elam, as well as 

the Assyrian Princes, and rescues Lot 1913 

Birth of Ishmael 1910 

CENTURY 19 

Expulsion of the Shepherd Kings of Egypt ~i 1QOO 

THE PHARAOHS, "Third .Dynasty" J 1899 

The destruction of Sodom proclaimed to Abraham ) 

The Covenant op Circumcision j 

Sodom and Gomorrah destroyed by fire 1897 

Birth of Isaac 1896 

Hagar (and Ishmael) expelled ) 

Syphoas introduces the Egyptian alphabet j 

Abraham commanded to offer up Isaac 1872 

Argos colonized by Inachus (1872) 1856 

Machpelah (the field of Ephron) purchased from the') 

sons of Heth, for a burying-place > 1849 

The death of Sarah J 

Esau and Jacob born 1836 

The Egyptian alphabet by Memnon (?) 1822 

Death of Abraham 

*Amenophis I, King of all Egypt (1778) , 

CENTURY 18 



| 1821 



Death of Ishmael 1773 

Second Family from Fo-Hi (Tanga) 1765 

The Deluge of Ogyges 1764 

Birth of Joseph 1745 

Benjamin born 1731 

Joseph sold by his brethren 1728 

Death of Isaac 1716 

The corn of Egypt purchased during seven years of plenty j .. ,_, ~ 

Joseph becomes Governor of Egypt i 

Famine in Egypt and Syria 1708 

The descendants of Abraham make a treaty with) ^-^ 

Pharaoh and settle in Goshen j 

CENTURY 17 

Death of Jacob 1689 

* " The name of several kings of Egypt, of uncertain date, but many ages B. C." 

Appleton's Biography. 



CHART OP TIME. 65 

B.C. 

Death of Joseph 1635 

The children of Israel multiply and prosper though per- "\ 

secuted hy hard labor, building the treasure cities, >■ 1621 
Pitbom and Eaamses, (about) ) 

CENTUEY 16 



Birth of Aaron 1574 

Pharaoh commands all male Hebrew children to be thrown 

into the Nile (about) 1573 

Birth of Moses 1571 

Athens colonized by Cecrops 1556 

Scamander founds the Kingdom of Troy 1546 

The Flight of Moses 1531 

Job, most patient man (2180) 1520 

Sparta, founded by Lelex 1516 

Council of the Areopagi 1507 

The Deluge of Deucalion 1503 

CENTUEY 15 

The Amphictyonic Council 1498 

Thebes colonized by Cadmus, and Phoenician letters intro- 
duced to the Greeks 1493 

Amenophis 11 (1687) 1492 

* The ten Plagues 

The Institution op the Passover }■ 1491 

EXODUS OF THE CHILDREN OF ISEAEL 

*The Ten Commandments 

f The Great Sanhedrim (council of seventy) established. 
^Egyptus, Amenophis III ? (1493) 1485 

* If we except the construction of the Ark, the length of which was ten times its 
height, the plagues and the commandments (Decalogue) are the first practical instances 
of the decimal system on record in the Bihle. 

t The Sanhedrim Council was undoubtedly suggested to Moses by his father-in-law, 
■Jethro, priest of Midian. See Exodus XVIII, 13-27 verses inclusive. In a portion 
of the advice given, the decimal system of reckoning is very prominently recommended — 
verse 21 : " Moreover thou shalt provide, out of all the people, able-bodied 
men, such as fear God, men of truth, hating covetousness, and place such over them to be 
rulers of thousands, and rulers of hundreds, and rulers of fifties, and ruiers of tens." 
Its Divine origin may he found at Numbers XI., 16-30 inclusive: "And the Lord said 
unto Moses, Gather unto me seventy men of the elders of Israel, whom thou knowest to 
be the elders of the people and officers over them ; and bring them unto the taberna- 
cle of the congregation, that they may stand and be there with thee." 

D 



| 1490 



66 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

B.C. 
Dathan, Abiram and families destroyed by earthquake") ,.».. 

Eebellion in the Wilderness , 3 

Death of Miriam, sister of Moses "\ 

OLYMPIC GAMES ESTABLISHED BY THE IDiEI V 1453 

DACTYLI J 

The death of Aaron -\ 

The Pentateuch, by Moses , [ 1452 

Balaam blesses the children of Israel J 



Jericho destroyed by Joshua.... 



Death of Moses on Mount Nebo } 

Death of Joshua..... 1426 

Destruction of the Virgins at Shiloh , 1406 

CENTURY 14 

Othniel, Judge of Israel 1394 

Ehud 1354 

Shamgar 1336 

Moeris, wisest and best of Egyptian kings 1327 

Corinth founded by Sisyphus, Isthmian Games established. 1326 

Pelops celebrates the Olympic Games 1321 

Buth 1312 

Sesostris, " The Great " , 1308 

CENTUBY 13 



| 1296 



Milesius colonizes Ireland (eonquest), 500 1300 

Deborah and Barak... 

Jael, wife of Heber, slays Sisera 

Bampses or Pheron " The Indolent " 1275 

Jason, commander of the Argonauts . 1263 

MiTHRiEUS or Ninus II. (Second Assyrian Dynasty) 1252 

Gideon 1249 

The Midianites defeated by Gideon 1248 

Hercules celebrates the Games of Olympia 1218 

Tautanes or Teutamus 1215 

Proteus or Bamesses 1214 

Theseus 1212 

Abimelech 1209 

Tola 1206 

CENTURY 12 

Helen abducted by Paris, son of Priam, the King of Troy.. 1198 

The Trojan War 1194 



CHART OF TIME. 



Troy Sacked by the Greeks. 

Jair 

Eli 



Amenophis IV (1322) , 

Jephthah 

Alba Longa founded by Ascaneus, son of iEneas , 

Jephthah defeats the Ammonites and performs his vow. 

The battle of Ebenezer , 

Loss of the Ark of the Covenant , 

The death of Eli 

The Philistines restore the Ark to the Israelites , 

Samson 

Ibzan 

Elon 



1117 



Rampsinitus, patron of the Eleusinian Mysteries 

The Third Dynasty, or Family, from Fo-Hi (Cheu). 
The destruction of the temple of Dagon ] 

Death of Samson j 

Abdon 

Samuel, last of the Judges of Israel 

The Dorian invasion of the Peloponnesus... 



67 
B.C. 

1184 
1183. 
1171 
1164 
1161 
1152 
1143 

1141 



1140 

1137 
1130 
1124 
1121 

1120 

1116 
1104 



CENTURA 11 

Saul anointed King of Israel by Samuel 

MONARCHY ESTABLISHED IN ISRAEL 

Cheops, builder of the first Pyramid 

Goliath of Gath, slain by David 

God commands Samuel to anoint David 

The death of Samuel 

The battle of Gilboa, death of Saul (killed) 

David anointed king by the men of Judah 

The conquest of Syria by Israel under David 

The birth of Homer (about) , 

The birth of Solomon 

Cephrines, Cephres, or Shisak, builder of the second 

Pyramid and other national monuments 

Rebellion and death of Absalom (slain by Joab) , 

Solomon anointed king by Zadok and Nathan 

The commencement of the building of the Temple 

The Temple finished and dedicated .... 



109 

1082 

1063 

1060 

1055 

1047 
1044 
1034 

1032; 

1023: 

1015, 

1004 



68 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

CENTUEY 10 

B.C. 

The Queen of Sheba visits King Solomon at Jerusalem 992 

Homer flourishes (about) 984 

Eehoboam succeeds Solomon as king of Israel... ■) 

i 9*75 
Jeroboam becomes king of the Ten Tribes that revolt.... J 

Judah and Benjamin forbidden by Shemiah, the Prophet, to 

war against the ten revolting Tribes 974 

Jerusalem sacked by the Egyptians 972 

The death of Mycerinus, builder of the 3rd Pyramid 966 

Abijah becomes king of the Tribes of Judah and Benjamin. 958 

Asa succeeds Abijah 955 

Nadab becomes king of the Ten Tribes 954 

Baasha succeeds Nadab 953 

Hesiod flourishes (about) 944 

Elah 930 

Zimri 929 

Omri 925 

Ahab 918 

Jehoshephat 914 

CENTUEY 9 

Iberia (Cadiz) colonized by the Phoenicians 900 

Ahaziah 897 

Jehoram or Joram 896 

Elijah taken up to heaven j 

Tibernus drowned in the Albula, since called " The Tiber" j 

JjYcurgus, the Spartan Law-giver 894 

Jehoram or Joram 889 

Ahaziah 885 

Jehu ") 

^The Spartan Code and detached pieces from Homer >■ 884 

introduced into Greece by Lycurgus 3 

Joa.sh or Jehoash 878 

Jonah, the Prophet 862 

*The Oxford Tables date the Legislation of Lycurgus B.C. 817, and after referring to 
liim as the principal cause of Spartan splendor, conclude as follows : " His celebrated 
Constitution (which lasted about six hundred years) was a mixture of monarchy, aris- 
tocracy, and democracy : two kings ; senate of twenty-eight nobles ; five yearly-elected 
ephori ; assemblies of the people, composed, however, only of the citizens of Sparta ; 
equal division of land among 39,000 families , no trade ; iron money ; public and equal 
education ; no walls ; no fleets ; common tables ; all luxury forbidden ; no theatre I 
harsh treatment of the Helots, who alone attended to agriculture and trade." 




CHART OF TIME. 69 

B.C. 

Jehoahaz 856 

Thonus Concolerus, last of the Second Assyrian Dynasty. 842 

Jehoash 841 

Peace purchased from Hazael of Syria by spoils from 



} 



The Temple of Jerusalem sacked by Jehoash. 

Amaziah 839 

The death of Elisha 838 

Jeroboam II. (823) 825 

Bocchoris or Asychus " The Wise " 815 

Uzziah or Azariah 810 

CENTUEY 8 

THE OLYMPIC GAMES REVIVED, Victory of Corabus 776 

Zechariah 773 

Shallum ■) 

l 77<> 

Menahem j 

Anysis (blind) 771 

Pul, first king of the Third Assyrian Dynasty (759) 770 

So, or Salaco, Ethiopian Usurper 769 

Pekahiah 761 

Isaiah the Prophet flourishes 760 

Pekah 759 

Jotham 758 

EOME FOUNDED BY ROMULUS 753 

The death of Eemus 752 

The rape of the Sabine virgins 750 

Tiglath Pilesar (Tilgath Pilneser) succeeds Pul "\ 

Nabonassar, younger Son of Pul, becomes King of >- 747 

Babylonia , ) 

Tarpeia, her ignominious death } 

Union of the Sabines and Romans j 

The first Messenian war (civil).... 

743 



:::::::: } 



The death of Titus Tatius, king of the Cures. 

Ahaz 742 

Romulus commands the construction of the Temple of 

Janus, and the work is begun... 740 

The Conquest of Damascus by the Assyrians 738 

Hoshea 730 

Shalmaneser 729 

Hezekiah 726 



70 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

B.C. 

■Conquest of Messenia "\ 

Destruction of Ithome >- 724 

Peace of the first Messenian war J 

Rhegium (Italy) founded by Messenian fugitives 723 

Samaria conquered by the Assyrians 1 

Israel carried captive into Assyria by Shalmaneser j „_.. 

PALL OF THE KINGDOM OF ISEAEL. " The j" 1AY 

Assyrian captivity " J 

Anysis restored 719 

'The death of Eomulus 716 

Numa Pompilius, son-in-law to Titus Tatius 715 

Sennacherib invades Egypt, Sais chosen Seat of Royalty ~\ 

Sennacherib \ 714 

The 'Temple op Janus finished and closed J 

Sethon (Usurpei*) | t-^3 

Sais proclaimed the Seat of Royalty i 

Sennacherib's army of 185,000 mysteriously destroyed... "} ^., 

Esarhaddon, or Sardanapalus J 

Code of Laws establishing the Priesthood, Augurs and 

Vestals 710 

The Roman Calendar often months re-formed to twelve... 709 

CENTURY 7 

Manasseh 698 

The death of Isaiah the Prophet 696 

Asordanes or Aphronadius 693 

Adrameles, or Sammhughes 691 

The Second Messenian war 685 

The game of Chess published by Palmedes 680 

Tullus Hostilius 673 

Axerdis 670 

The Roman Calendar established (about) 669 

Combat of the Horatii with the Curatii >. 

-Conquest of Ira j 

Expulsion of the Messenians j 

End of the Second Messenian war J 

Destruction of Alba Longa 667 

JAPAN (NIPON) FOUNDED BY SYMNU 660 

Nabuchodnosor (Sardanapalus II.) 650 

Judith decapitates Holofernes (655) about 645 



CHART OP TIME. 71 

B.C. 

Ammon 643 

Josiah 641 

Ancus Martius 640 

Saracus (Sardanapalus III) 630 

Jeremiah the Prophet 629 

Ostia, the mouth of the Tiber, colonized 627 

* Draco, Legislator of Athens ■) 

Draco's Sanguinary Code of laws for Athens j 

Destruction of Sardanapalus and family, by himself 621 

Tarquinius Priscus ^ 

Pharaoh Necho y 616 

Canal projected between tbe Mediterranean and Red Seas J 

Josiah slain by Pharaoh Necho (609) ^ 

Jehoahaz i 

Eliakim named Jehoiachim j 

The Canal across the Isthmus begun J 

Pharaoh Necho loses 120,000 workmen and abandons 

the construction of the Suez Canal 609 

Nineveh captured by the Medes and Babylonians. ~\ 

Jerusalem taken and the Temple pillaged y 606 

The Jews carried into captivity by Nebuchadnezzar... ) 
Pharaoh Necho defeated at Circesium by Nebuchadnezzar, 
who founds the Chaldeo-Babylonian Empire, extending 
from the Nile to beyond the Tigris 604 

CENTUEY 6 

Massilia (Marseilles) colonized by Ionic Phocians ] 

Psammis succeeds to the Egyptian throne j 

The birth of Cyrus (about) -\ 

Jehoiachin y 599 

Zedekiah J 

Apries 595 

* " Draco was a man of unblemished integrity, great talent, and highly cultivated mind 
but he was deficient in political experience, and wanted that knowledge, the most im- 
portant to a statesman — the knowledge of human nature. He prepared a Code of Laws 
so absurdly severe that they could not be put into execution ; the consequence was, 
that criminals enjoyed perfect impunity, and the disorders of the State became worse 
than ever. Draco's laws were said to be written, not with ink, but blood ; his own 
remark is fully sufficient to show how unfit he was for the office that he had under 
taken—' small crimes,' said he, ' deserve death, and I know of no heavier punishment for 
greater'." 

— Pinnock's Goldsmith's Greece, p 107. 



72 



KEY TO LOVERIN S 



* Solos, chosen Archon, prepares a Code of laws for Athens 

The fall of the kingdom of Judah and Benjamin 

The Jews carried off to Babylon 

Jerusalem sacked and destroyed 

Cloicae and Circus Maximus constructed at Rome 

The Conquest of Syria 

FALL OF THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH AND BEN- 
JAMIN. " The Babylonish Captivity" 

Servius Tullius 

Ezekiel's vision 

Egypt conquered by Nebuchadnezzar 

jEsop flourishes (about) 

Amasis, a wise king 

The first census published 

Evil Merodach 

Peisistratus (Usurper) 

Neriglissar or Belshazzar 

Cyrus becomes king of Persia 

THE GREAT PERSIAN MONARCHY FOUNDED... 

Narbonadius , 

Birth ofConfucius (Chinese Philosopher) 

! Comitia Centuriata 
Comitia Curiata 
Comitia Tributa 

Rome fortified by Servius Tullius (about) 

Pythagoras flourishes fSage and Philosopher) 

Babylon captured by Cyrus 

Daniel cast into the lion's den 

Return op the Jews from captivity 

Destruction of Babylon by Cyrus 

END OF THE GREAT ASSYRIAN EMPIRE 



B.C. 
594 



588 



587 

578 
573 

570 

569 
566 
561 
560 

559 

555 
551 

550 

545 

540 

538 
536 



* " The laws of Draco, B. C. 621, were too severe to be carried into effect. 
The following are those of Solon, the benefactor not only of Athens, but of the 
whole human race. 

1. Division of the people into four classes, according to property. 

2. Offices of State to be filled only by citizens of the first three classes. 

3. Nine annual archons at the head of affairs. 

4. Council of four hundred chosen annually by lot to debate upon all matters pre- 
viously to their being submitted to the Commons. 

5. To the people was left the right of confirming the laws, electing Magistrates, and 
debating all matters referred to them by Council. 

6. Restoration and renovation of the Areopagus." 



—Oxford Tables. 



CHART OP TIME. 73 

B.C. 

The Jews rebuild the Temple and Jerusalem 535 

Lucius Tarquin ius Superbus 534 

Three Sibylline books purchased for 300 pieces of gold 531 

Homer's Poems collected and published by Pisistratus 530 

Cambyses succeeds Cyrus " The Great " 529 

Hippias and Hipparchus 527 

Psammenitus, last of the Pharaohs, murdered by Cam- 
byses 526 

Conquest of Egypt by the Persians...- | 

END OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN MONARCHY- } 525 

Massacre of the Egyptians by Cambyses 524 

Darius Hystaspes 521 

Revolt at Babylon 518 

Destruction of Babylon 517 

The completion and dedication of the Temple 515 

Death of Hipparchus 514 

The law of Ostracism introduced by Cleisthenes 

Expulsion of Hippias, Athens a Republic ^ 510 

Conspiracy of Tarquin against Lueretia 

Esther becomes the queen of Ahasuerus 

L. Brutus and Collatinus chosen consuls 

i 509 

The expulsion of Tarquin j 

ROYALTY ABOLISHED AND ROME A REPUBLIC J 

Commercial treaty with Carthage 508 

"War with Porsenna 507 

TheNaxian War 501 

CENTURY 5 

Destruction of Sardis by the Ionians 499 

Battle of Lake Regillus ; third and last effort for Tarquin \ ,gg 

Titus Lartius, the first Dictator [50i] J 

Death of Pythagoras 497 

Persia declares war against Greece ^ 

The death of Tarquin at Cumae I -q R 

THE FIRST GREAT PERSIAN INVASION OF f * yb 

GREECE J 

Birth of Sophocles 495 

Laws establishing the Tribunes. i 

Insurrection of the Plebeians on the Sacred Mount J 

Mardonius (Persian; defeated by the Greeks 492 



477 
471 



74 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

B.C. 

Coriolanus proscribed 491 

Defeat of the Persians under Datis and Ataphernes by) .qq 

the Greeks at Marathon under Miltiades j 

Confucius revises and publishes his Sacred Books 489 

Death of Sp. Cassius | fi 

The first agrarian law j 

Xerxes becomes king of Persia 485 

Aristeides ostracised 483 

Xerxes invades GREECE(Second Invasion) 481 

Battle of Salamis, Xerxes totally routed 480 

Mardonius defeated and slain at the battle of Platsea ■) 

Destruction of Athens Y 479 

Death of Confucius J 

War with the Veienti | 

Athens rebuilt and the Pira>us constructed { 

Birth of Thucydides f 

The Publilian law established j 

Death of Simonides 467 

Earthquake at Sparta, 20,000 destroyed 466 

The third Messenian war ^ 

Xerxes assassinated by Arti banes Y 465 

Artaxerxes, I " Longomanus " J 

League between the Eomans, Latins and Hermicians 458 

Ezra returns to Jerusalem ; reforms Jewish worship 457 

Conquest of Ithome* ") 

Expulsion of the Messenians >■ 455 

End of the third and last Messenian war J 

Death of L. Licinius Dentatus ~\ 

The Decemviri , Y 451 

Laws of the Twelve Tables../ ) 

THE BIBLE, collected and arranged by Ezra about 450 

The Persians defeated at Salamis in Cyprus 

Virginia slain by Virginius, her father 

The second charter of Plebeian rights 

Insurrection ; the Plebeians retire to the Sacred Mount. 
Persia recognizes Asiatic Grecian independence 

Nehemiah encourages the rebuilding of Jerusalem 

Herodotus reads at the Olympic Games [■ 445 

Lex Camileia ; intermarriage of Patricians and Plebeians 



449 



Death of Sophocles 

Artaxerxes II.," Memnon ". 



405 



CHART OF TIME. 75 

B.C. 

Birth of Xenophon "\ 

First appointment of Military Tribunes V 444 

First appointment of Censors (about) J 

Famine at Bome ) 

Death of Cincinnatus J 

Death of Pindar 439 

The first Peloponnesian war (civil) 431 

The Plague 430 

Death of Pericles, statesman and orator 429 

Xerxes II. slain by Sogdianus 425 

Darius II., ".Nothus " 424 

Deaths of Cleon and Brassidas at the Siege of Amphipolis.. 422 

Peace of Nicias ; truce of fifty years 421 

Battle of Syracuse j 

Deaths of Demosthenes and Nicias j 

The death of Herodotus, " Father of profane History " 408 

Standing army organized 406 

Death of Alcibiades 404 

"War with the Veientians 403 

The battle of Cunaxa, death of Cyrus the Younger 401 

CENTURY 4 

Famous retreat of " the Ten Thousand " under Xenophon. 400 

The death of Socrates, by drinking poison 399 

Agesilaus j 397 

Malachi, last of the prophets (about) j 

Conquest of the Veii, by | 

Camillus (Mai-cus Furius) j 

Camillus proscribed 391 

Bome burned by the Gauls under Brennus "j 

Camillus comes to the rescue, a second Bomulus j 

Bome rebuilt "\ 

The peace of Antalcidas, a disgraceful surrender of the v 387 

Grecian Colonies in Asia Minor ) 

Manlius hurled from the Tarpeian Rock 384 

The birth of Demosthenes 382 

The Licinian Bogation Code 376 

The battle of Leuctra 371 



76 KEY TO loverin's 

B.C. 

L. Sextus Chosen first Plebeian Consul 367 

Sextus passes the Licinian Rogations 366 

The battle of Mantinaoa, Epaminondas ■) 

Pestilence at Rome >■ 362 

Deaths of Camillus and M. Curtius 3 

The Carthagenians colonize Iberia (Spain) 360 

Artaxerxes III, " Ochus " 359 

Social and Sacred wars (civil) i 

Death of Hippocrates, " The Father of Medicine " } 

The Temple of Diana burnt at Ephosus y 

Birth of Alexander at Pella [• 356 

C. Martius Rutilas, first Plebeian Dictator ) 

Philip of Macedon covets Greece 353 

Egypt invaded by Ochus " Artaxerxes III " ~\ 

The whole land of Egypt laid desolate >■ 350 

Demosthenes proclaims against Philip ) 

Phocion 349 

Peace of the Sacred War 348 

The conquest of Olynthus by Philip 347 

The first Samnite war 343 

Peace with the Samnites 341 

The Latin war (civil; 340 

The Publilian Laws proposed 339 

Battle of Chseronea — Theban Sacred Band cut to pieces" 

by Alexander 

Conquest of the Latins and Campanians 

Philip chosen Generalissimo of Greece and controls the 

Amphictyonic Council 

Athenian and Theban League, against Philip 

War proclaimed against Persia 

Death of Timoleon 



1- 



338 



337 



•::::■:=:: } 

Philip murdered by Pausanias at iEgea | 

Darius III., " Codomanus " j 

I 335 



Destruction of Thebes by Alexander 

Revolt of Thebes 

Invasion of Persia 

Alexander succeeds his Father, Philip [ 

Battle of the Granicus 

The Battle of Issus, Darius defeated 333 

Alexandria founded by Alexander 332 



1 



CHART OF TIME. 77 

B.C. 

The Battle of Arbela 

Conquest of Persia by Alexander 

Death of Darius III., " Codomanus " [ 

FALL OF THE GREAT PERSIAN EMPIBE and the 

MACEDONIAN MONARCHY ESTABLISHED... 

The second " Great Samnite " war 326 

Deaths of Alexander " The Great" and Diogenes >. 

Ptolemy I. " Soter " King of Egypt l 

FALL OF THE GREAT MACEDONIAN MONARCHY [ 3<i3 

and Egypt established under the Ptolemies J 

Death of Demosthenes, the orator, in the temple of 

Neptune 322 

Battle op the Caudine Forks, C. Pontus captures the 

whole Roman Army 321 

Death of Phocion, Statesman, General and Orator 317 

Peace with the Samnites ' 304 



CENTURY 3 



l 298 



The Ach^an League (about) 299 

The third Samnite War 

Ptolemy builds the Museum and Library at Alexandria. 

C. Pontus mui'dered during a Roman Triumph 292 

Conquest of the Samnites 290 

The Colossus of Rhodes finished 288 

Lex Hortensia 286 

The iETOLiAN League (about) 284 

Conquest of Etruria -s 

Death of Euclid, at Alexandria (about) f 

Ptolemy It. " Philadelphia " j 

Canal of Arsinbe and the Obelisk constructed J 

War with Pyrrhus, King of Epirus 281 

The Battle of Tarentum, Pyrrhus defeats the Romans 280 

The Gauls, under Brennus, invade Greece 279 

THE SEPTUAGINT TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE. 277 

Battle of Boneventum, Pyrrhus defeated 274 

Tarentum recaptured by the Romans 272 

The conquest of Lower Italy 266 



78 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

B.C. 

The first Punic (Carthaginian) war •) 

* The Arundclian Marbles inscribed Gladiatorial Games >■ 264 

established 3 

Conquest of Agrigentum (Sicily) 262 

Aratus revives the Achaean League (about) 261 

Naval victory of Duilius 260 

Duilius' second Naval victory 257 

Xantippus defeats the Romans, thirty thousand slain and 

Eegulus taken prisoner 255 

The death of Eegulus 250 

Ptolemy III., " Evergetes " 247 

Fourth Chinese Family from Fo-Hi, (C I N) 244 

Siege of Lylibseum 242 

Conquest of Sicily ■} 

Peace with Carthage signed by Hamilcar Barca j 

Historical and Public Records burned by Ching ~\ 

Death of Callimachus (about) >- 240 

The Great Chinese Wall begun by Xi Hoam Ti ) 

Conquest of Sardinia and Corsica 238 

Edict, closing the Temple of Janus 235 

Birth of Cato 234 

Agrarian Laws passed by Flaminius (Gallic) 232 

The first Illurian war 229 

Defeat of the Gauls 225 

Conquest of the Boii 224 

Ptolemy IV., " Philopater " 222 

War between the Achsean and iEtolian Leagues 220 

Second Punic war 218 

Battle of Raphia, Antiochus defeated 217 

The Battle of Cannae 216 

The Oppian Laws, against luxurious living 215 

The first Macedonian war «■ 214 

Death of Aratus 213 



* " The most celebrated collection of marbles are those in the University of Oxford, 
in England, called the Arundelian Marbles, from the Earl of Arundel, by whom they 
were brought from Greece. Of these inscriptions, the most important is the chronicle of 
Paros, which contains the chronology of Athens from the time of Cecrops, A. C. 1582 to 
A. C. 264." Kerney. 

" They were collected by Mr. W. Petty, purchased by Lord Arundel and given by his 
grandson, Henry Howard, afterwards Duke of Norfolk, to the University of Oxford in 
1667 ; and are therefore called also Oxford Mabbl.es." 

Haydn's Dictionary of Dates. 



208 
207 



CHART OF TIME. 79 

B.C. 

The conquest of Syracuse 1 

The death of Archimedes j 

Defeat of Hannibal on the Eiver Metaurus... 

Philopoemen elected General of the Achaean League 

The battle of Mantinaea, Spartans defeated 

Conquest of Spain by Scipio 

The Fifth Family from Fo-Hi (HAN) 206 

Ptolemy V., " Epiphanes " 205 

Death of Cn. Naevius, Roman Poet 203 

The battle of Zama 202 

Scipio honored with a Triumph ^ 

Peace with Carthage j 

CENTUEY 2 

The second Macedonian war. 200 

Loss of Syria 198 

The battle of Cynoscephalse 197 

Flaminius proclaims Grecian independence at the Isthmian 

Games 194 

Battle of Magnesia 190 

Destruction of Sparta by Philopoemen 188 

Death of Scipio Africanus 184 

Deaths of Philopoemen and Hannibal "i 

The Messenians revolt from the Achaean League j 

Ptolemy VI., " Philometer " 181 

Defeat of the Celtiberians 179 

The third Macedonian war 171 

Battle of Pydna, Persians defeated -. 

Conquest of Macedonia i 

L IRQ 

Persecution of the Jews f 

Matthias, father of the Maccabees , j 

Judas Maccabaeus restores Jewish worship 166 

Birth of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus 164 

Jonathan Maccabaeus 153 

Eeturn of the Achaean Exiles .. 

151 



j 



Conquest of Lusitania (about) 

The third Punic War 149 

Critolaiis (be) heads the Achaean League 148 

War between the Achaean League and Sparta, the latter ~\ 

calling in the Eomans > 147 

Scipio Africanus, the younger, chosen General ) 



$0 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

B.C. 
* Destruction of Carthage (" Delenda est Carthago," Cato.) -. 

Corinth sacked by Lucius Mummius I 1 ._ 

Ptolemy VII « Evergetes " f 146 

GREECE BECOMES A ROMAN PROVINCE J 

Simon Maccabaeus 143 

End of Apocryphal history 135 

Conquest of Numantia | 

Death of Tiberius Gracchus j 

Scipio the Younger murdered 129 

The Sempronian Laws 123 

Death of Caius Gracchus 121 

Marius (Plebeian) elected Tribune 119 

Ptolemy VIII., " Soter II." 117 

Jugurthine war Ill 

Alexander I. and Cleopatra | 

Judas Hyrcanus assumes the title " King of the Jews " . } 

Births of Cicero and Pompey 106 

Death of Jugurtha (about) 104 

Defeat of the Teutons and Cymbri by Marius | 

Triumph of Marius at Rome 

CENTURY 1 



} 



The birth of Caius Julius Caesar j 10Q 

Agrarian Laws, Gaul for the soldiers of Marius j 

Mucius Scsevola banished 92 

The Social (Marsic) war j 

The Lex Julia j 

Oleopatra, conspires against her son Alexander, but is>. 

slain by him I 

Ptolemy VIII. restored j 

Peace of the Social war J 

The first Mithridatic war 88 

Civil war between Marius and Sulla i 

Sulla (Sylla) destroys Athens [ 

Death of Marius 86 

* ' 'Carthage, founded by Dido or Elissa, 878 B. C. She fled from her brother Pygmalion, 
king of Tyre, who killed her husband, and took refuge in Africa. Carthage disputed the 
empire of the world with Rome, which occasioned the Punic wars. The Carthaginians 
tore the character of a faithless people, hence the term Punic faith. Cato, the censor, 
<ahout 146 B.C., ended his speeches in the Senate with Carthago delenda.' Carthage 
must be destroyed."— Haydn. 



! 



84 



80 
78 



CHART OP TIME. 81 

B.C. 

Archelaus defeated by Sulla 85 

Death of Cinna 

Peace witn Mithridates 

Second Mithridatic war 

Destruction of Thebes \- 

Sulla created Dictator 

Alexander II., Ptolemy IX. , " Dionysius," Alexander III 

Peace with Mithridates 

Death of Sulla 

Leges Cornelia? 

Third Mithridatic war 74 

Sparticus leads the Slaves 73 

Conquest of Spain by Cneius Pomponius 72 

Battle of Bruttium, Sparticus totally defeated by Crassus... 71 

Birth of Virgilius Maro (Virgil) 70 

Conquest of Pontus 

Birth of Horatius Flaccius (Horace) , 

Syria conquered by the Romans 64 

The Conquest of Jerusalem "» 

Peace with Mithridates j 

Cicero receives the title "Father of his Country " ] 

Cataline's conspiracy j 

Cjesar, Pompey and Crassus, " First Triumvirate " 60 

Invasion of Gaul by Julius Caesar 58 

Caesar invades Britain . 55 

The Temple pillaged by Crassus 54 

Crassus killed by the Parthians 53 

Cleopatra II. and Ptolemy X 51 

Civil war between Caesar and Pompey 

CAESAR CROSSES THE BUBICON 

Battle of Pharsalia 1 

Pompey assassinated in Egypt r "*8 

Civil war in Egypt 47 

Death of Cato at Utica -v 

The Younger Ptolemy and Cleopatra II j ^6 

The battle of Munda, Csesar defeats the sons of Pompey -\ 
Caius Octavius made heir to his uncle, Julius Cassar ! 

GaiSAR CREATED PERPETUAL DICTATOR j 

The Julian Calendar published J 

E 



66 

64 
63 

62 



49 



82 KEY TO LOVERIINf's CHART OF TIME. 

B.C. 

Death of Julius C;wsar -\ 

Cleopatra alone, her brother being poisoned Y 44 

Assassination of Caesar in the Senate House J 

Death of Cicero ) 

> 43 

Antony, Lepidus and Octavius, Second Triumvirate j 

Civil War, Battle of Philippi ■) 

Deaths of Brutus and Cassius f 

Cleopatra makes Antony joint ruler of Egypt 41 

Herod, son of Antipater, by assistance and permission of 

the Roman Senate, is decreed " King of the Jews" 40 

Cleopatra visits Syria | 

Lepidus rejected from the Triumvirate j 

C. Sallustius Crispus 34 

Civil War between Octavius and Antony ~\ 

Death of Sallust j 

The Battle of Actium, Antony defeated. 31 

Conquest of Egypt ~\ 

Deaths of Cleopatra and Marc Antony (Marcus Antonius) > 30 

END OF THE EGYPTIAN MONARCHY J 

* Octavius becomes the Dictator -j 

The Temple of Janus shut by proclamation \ 

The name of Augustus conferred upon Octavius Caesar "\ 

by the Senate of the Roman People > 27 

THE ROMAN EMPIRE ESTABLISHED ) 

Death of Virgil 19 

Deaths of Horace and Maecenas 8 

The birth of Christ 4 



* " Augustus Caesar, Emperor, B.C. 30— 14 A.C. (Augustus, 27 B.C.) Government : 
A monarchy with republican forms. The dignities of consul, tribune, imperator, and pon- 
tif 'ex maximus are united in his person . The Senate continues the gre •it council of state, 
besides which there was a privy council of Ccesars. During a period of forty-four years, 
Octaviauus Caspar possesses the sole dominion of the empire. Subtle, reserved and calcu- 
lating, he showed himself enterprising in the field and cautious in the cabinet. To avoid 
the appearance of usurpation, he at first accepted the sovereign power only for ten 
years, and afterward had it renewed from time to time for five or ten years ; and by this 
apparently disinterested conduct he gained the respect of the great, the esteem of the 
good, and the love of his subjects. Devoted to the society of the learned, he lived in an 
age distinguished for the successful pursuit of literature."— Oxford Chronological Tables. 



THE CHRISTIAN ERA. 

CENTUEY 1. 

A.D. 

THE NATIVITY OF CHRIST, "Vulgar Era" 1 

Conquest of Judea 6 

Battle of Teutoberg 9 

Tiberius becomes the Roman Caesar 14 

Deaths of Celsus and Livy , 17 

Death of Ovid 18 

Death of Germanicus 19 

Pontius Pilate made Governor of Judea 26 

John " the Baptist" •) 

Baptism of Christ J 

The Crucifixion 33 

St. Stephen, first Martyr 35 

Paul converted to Christianity 36 

Caligula succeeds Tiberius , 37 

The Gospel of St. Matthew published 39 

Claudius becomes the Caesar ., 41 

St. Peter 42 

Invasion of Britain by the Romans 



Aulus Plautius 



::=■::::.} 

Gospel of St. Mark published 44 

Invasion of Britain 46 

London founded (about) 1 

Ostorius Scapula, General in Britain j 

Caractacus, King of the Silures 51 

Apostolic Council at Jerusalem 52 

Nero becomes Caesar 54 

Gospel of St. Luke published 55 

Destruction of the Druids in Britain ■» 

f. 59 
Suetonius Paulinus ; j 

Battle of Sunbury, Britons defeated , •} 

Boadicea } 

Death of Burrhus 62 

First Persecution of the Christians 

Rome burned by Nero 



j 64 



84 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

A.D. 

Deaths of Seneca and Lucan 65 

Sts. Peter and Paul martyred (about) 67 



! 



Galba, the Roman Caesar 

Buddhism in China, from Tndia (about) 

Otho ; Vitellius ; Vespasian, Caesars 69 

Jerusalem destroyed by Titus 



68 



Death of St Andrew, Scotland's Patron Saint. 

The Caledonians pillage the Britons 1 

Agricola J 

Pompeii and Herculaneum destroyed by eruptions from 
Mount Vesuvius 



Death of Agricola 

Antiquities of the Jews published by Joseph us. 



93 



79 
Death of Pliny, the elder i 

Titus succeeds his father, Vespasian Caesar J 

Plague, 100,000 perish 80 

Domitian, last of the Caesars 81 

Sallus Lucullus, General in Britain 84 

BRITAIN, A ROMAN PROVINCE 85 

} 

Second Persecution of the Christians 94 

Nerva, first of the Emperors 96 

The Gospel of St John written (about) 97 

Trajan 98 

Deaths of Josephus and Tacitus 99 

Britain pillaged by the Caledonians 100 

CENTURY 2 

Pliny the Younger, Governor of Bithynia 102 

Conquest of Daecia 103 

Third Persecution 107 

Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch 108 

Death of Pliny 110 

Trajan's Column erected , 114 

Conquest of Mesopotamia 115 

Adrian 117 

Insurrection of the Jews 118 

Death of Plutarch, Greek Biographer (about) 119 

Adrian's Wall 120 

Juvenal, Decius Junius 128 

Eternal Edict 132 



CHART OP TIME. 85 

A.D. 

Insurrection of the Jews under Barcochabus 133 

Antoninus Pius 138 

Justin defends the Christians 139 

Wall of Antoninus built in Britain 140 

Edict in favor of Christians 152 

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus 161 

Fourth Persecution 163 

Martyrdom of Justin (about) 164 

The Plague | 

Death of Polycarp of Smyrna } 

The Plague 169 

Blandina Martyred at Lyons 177 

War with the Marcomani 178 

The Marcomani defeated 179 

Commodus 180 

The pillaging Caledonians and Picts driven from Britain 

by Ulpius Marcellus , 183 

The Plague 189 

Pertinax 192 

Julius Didianus -». 

Septimus Severus v 193 

Niger J 

The Battle of Lyons -> 

Albinus Claudius slain j 

CENTUBY 3 

Death of Galen, Physician 201 

Fifth Persecution •> 

Martyrdom of Iraenus, Bishop of Lyons j 

Caledonians repelled by Severus 208 

Wall of Adrian repaired 210 

Caracalla 211 

Macrinus 217 

Heliogabalus 218 

Sixth Dynasty from Fo-Hi (HE L-H AN) 220 

Alexander Severus 222 

The death of Ulpian 227 

Sixth Persecution ■) 

Maximinus I 235 



86 KEY TO LOVERIN's 

A.D. 

Balbinus -\ 

Gordian I I 237 

Gordian II ) 

Gordian III 238 

The death of Tertullian 240 

Philip " the Arabian " 244 

Games proclaimed in honor of the Thousandth Year 

of Eome 248 

Decius 249 

The Seventh Persecution 1 

Plague } 250 

Gallus 251 

Yalerian 253 

The death of Origen 254 

Eighth Persecution of the Christians ") 

f 258 
Martyrdom of Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage j 

War with Persia 259 

Galienus 260 

The Seventh Chinese Dynasty (C I N) 264 

The Plague 265 

Claudius II 268 

Naval defeat of the Goths, 2000 ships sunk 269 

The death of Plotinus, Alexandrian Philosopher "} 

Aurelian } 

The Ninth Persecution 272 

Conquest of Palmyra •» 

f 273 
Zenobia in chains j 

Tacitus 275 

Probus ... 276 

The death of Manes, founder of Manichean Heresy 280 

Carus 282 

Carinus 283 

Diocletian 284 

Diocletian and Maximian 286 

Insurrection and usurpation of Carausius in Britain 287 

The death of St. George, England's Patron Saint ] 

Gregorian and Hermoginian Codes j 

The death of Carausius (slain) "i 

Unsuccessful Eevolution j 

Anthony, founder of Monastic life 294 



CHART OP TIME. 87 

A.D. 

Death of Allectus ") 

l 296 
The first division of the Roman Empire j 

CENTUEY 4 

London walled in by the Romans (about) 301 

The Tenth Persecution (last) 303 

The death of Porphyry 304 

The martyrdom of St. Albans, Proto-Martyr of Britain... •> 

Constantius Chloru and Galerius j 

The Scotti, from Ireland, invade the Caledonians and ~\ 

Picts. hence Scotland, (about) > 

Galerius, Maximian and Constantine 3 306 

CHRISTIANITY TRIUMPHANT 312 

Silvester, head of the Church i 

Edict of Milan, in favor of Christianity.... j 

Controversy of Arius 318 

Constantine I., " The Great " 323 

The Scots and Picts ravageBritain (about) 



325 

*Council of Nice (First 03 -umenical). 

Constantinople built, formerly Byzantium ^ 

The Seat op Government removed prom Rome to > 330 

Byzantium (Constantinople) J 

Pagan Temples plundered and destroyed 331 

Constantine II., Constans and Constantius 337 

The death of Eusebius, historian (about) 340 

Constantius reigns alone 350 

Ulphilas, apostle of the Goths, Biblical translator 360 

Julian, the Apostate 361 

Jovian , 363 

Valentinian and Valens 364 

The Saxon invaders of Britain, defeated b} 1 - Theodosius .... 368 

Picts, Scots and Saxons ravage Britain (about) } 

The death of Athanasius j 

Valentinian II and Gratian 375 

The battle of Adrianople, Valens defeated and slain 378 

Theodosius I, " The Great" 379 

Council at Constantinople (second (Ecumenical)... 381 

Augustin converted to Christianity 387 

Edict for the destruction of Pagan Temples 388 

* Constantine the Great presided- 



412 

415 

419 



88 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

A.D. 

Permanent division of the Roman Empire "i 

Honorius and Arcadius, succeed their father ) 

Chrysostoinus, Patriarch of Constantinople 397 

CENTURY 5 

Innocent I. condemned the Pelagians 402 

Abolition of the Gladiatorial games 404 

The Vulgate Bible, from Hebrew into Latin by St Jerome 405 

Roman war with the Goths and Vandals 406 

Theodosius " The Younger " 40H 

Rome sacked by Alaric, king of the Goths 410 

The Roman Legions called from Britain 411 

Spain colonized by the Visigoths ) 

THE GOTHIC MONARCHY P^STABLISHED f 

Hypatia slain by a Christian mob 415 

Pharamond 

THE KINGDOM OE THE FRANKS FOUNDED 

The death of St Jerome 

Nankin proclaimed the Capital of China j- 420 

Eighth Chinese Dynasty (S U M) 

Valentinian III ] 

The Salique law instituted by Pharamond j 

Vortigern (about) 425 

Clodion " le Chevelu " 428 

Africa invaded by Genseric 429 

Plague in Britain 

Death of St. Augustin 

Palladius, papal envoy, visits Ireland ~\ 

Christian Council at Ephesus (Third CEcumenical) > 431 

CHRISTIANITY IN IRELAND ) 

St. Patrick Sent as Missionary to Ireland 432 

The Theodosian Code 438 

Pope Leo "The Great" 440 

Roman War with the Huns under Attila 441 

Dermod, king of Ireland 444 

Tho Picts and Scots ravage Britain ) , An 

446 



424 



1 430 



1 



The Britons proclaim their misfortunes toyEtius.... 

Merovius 448 

War in Britain, Saxons called in to aid ~\ 

The Picts and Scots plunder the Britons > 449 

Sau Chiu (San Chin) Chinese atheistical Philosopher J 



j 450 



CHART OP TIME. 89 

A.D. 

Marcian 

Revolt of the Saxons 

Attila defeated at Chalons | 

Christian council atChalcedon (Fourth (Ecumenical) . . . j 

Venice founded by refugees from the Sword of the Huns... 452 

The battle of Aylsford > 

A portion of Britain conquered by the Saxons 

Eome sacked by Genseric ■. , ._- 

The death of Horsa 

THE KINGDOM OF KENT ESTABLISHED BY 

HENGIST . 

Majorian 456 

Leo 1 457 

Childeric 458 

Severus 461 

Vortimer (about) 464 

The death of St. Patrick ) 

■n r 465 

.freargus j 

Anathemius 467 

Yortigern restored as commander 471 

Nepos 472 

Glycerius 473 

Zeno and Leo II 474 

Massacre of 300 British nobles by Hengist (?) ~\ 

Romulus Augustulus >- 475 

Conspiracy — Vortigern captured by the Saxons J 

FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE 476 

Invasion of the Saxons, war in Britain 477 

*Aurelius Ambrosius (Comes littoris Saxonici) | 

Clovis j 

The battle of Soissons 486 

Ninth Chinese Dynasty from Fo-Hi (C Y) 489 

Sussex founded by conquest ) 

Ella, IstBritwalda \ 

Anastasius 491 

Pope St, Gelasius 492 

The Ostro-Gothic Kingdom colonized by Theodoric 493 

* " In the third century of the Christian era, they (the Saxons.) were a numerous, 
warlike and piratical people, whose devastations on the British and Belgian coasts gave 
rise to the appoinment of a particular officer (comes littoris Saxonici) to defend these 
regions."— British Cyclopaedia. 



90 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

A.D. 

The battle of Tolbiac, Clovis defeats the Allmanni ■} 

Clotilda introduces Christianity amongst the Franks } 

Fusang (America?) discovered by Chinese Buddhists 499 

Prince Arthur " Pendragon " Count of the Saxon Shore... 500 



CENTURY 6 

Birth of Belisarius. 505 

Battle of Badon Hill, near Bath -\ 

Childebert I I 511 

Salique law ratified in council ) 

Christian Era arranged by Dionysius Exiguus 516 

Justin, Emperor 518 

Wessex founded, by conquest, Cerdic 519 

Tenth Chinese Family Dynasty (L E A M) 523 

Antioch destroyed by an Earthquake 525 

Death of Boetius ,,. ~j 

Felix IV } 526 

Essex pounded, Erchenwin 1 

T .. . ' j. 527 

Justinian , j 

St Benedict (order of Benedictines) ] 

Code Justinian j 

Death of Prince Arthur, Pendragon. 530 

Nika riots of Constantinople 532 

Justinian's Pandects published 533 

Conquest of Africa 534 

Conquest of Home 530 

Conquest of Italy 537 

Birth of St David, patron saint of Wales 540 

War with the Goths , 541 

Death of St Benedict 542 

Belisarius defends Eome from Totilla "i 

Northumberland founded by Ida j 

Silk, by two Monks of St. Basil, brought from China 551 

Buddhism introduced into Japan 552 

Fall of the Ostrogoth's Kingdom 553 

Fifth General Council (Fifth (Ecumenical) 553 555 

Clotaire 1 558 

Ceavvlin, second Bretwalda ) 

560 



De Excidio Britannicas, Gildas 

Charibert 1 562 



} 



CHART OF TIME. 91 

A.D. 

St. Columbo (Columbkill) ^ 

Death of Belisarius >■ 565 

Justin II J 

Chilperic I 567 

Invasion of Lombardy j 

Death of Narses } 

Birth of Mohamed 569 

East Anglia founded by Uffa 575 

Pelagius, the Infallible 



I 



584 
586 



Tiberius II 

Eleventh Dynasty from Fo-Hi (CHIN) 580 

Maurice 582 

Clotaire II "i 

Feudal laws introduced by Autharis j 

Mercia, Seventh Kingdom of the Saxons } 

Crida, founder of Mercia J 

Bthelbert, 3rd Bretwalda 589 

Gregory 1 590 

Death of Columba, Saint of the Hebrides 596 

Conversion of Kent, St. Austin 597 

The Plague | 

Kedwald, 4th Bretwalda j 

CENTUKY 7 

Death of St. David 601 

Phocas 602 

War with Persia 603 

Sabianus, church bells introduced 604 

Narses, the traitor, burned -\ 

Chinese canals begun and the Great Wall repaired V 606 

Proclamation commanding the work to proceed ) 

Mahomet preached at Mecca 609 

Heraclius 610 

Twelth Family from Fo-Hi (S U I) 613 

Edwin, the wisest of the Bretwalda 617 

FLIGHT OF MAHOMET FKOM MECCA TO MEDINA 

(Hegira) 622 

Pope Honorius 625 

Chosroes defeated, and driven beyond the Tigris 627 

Daerobert 1 628 



92 KEY TO LOVERIN's 

A.D. 

Conquest of Mecca 629 

Abuboker succeeds Mahomet, first Caliph 632 

Omar j 

The Koran, written by Mahomet (610) pub. (about) } 

Oswald, sixth Bretwalda "> 

Christianity admitted into China j 

Conquest of Persia 636 

Conquest of Jerusalem 637 

Clovis II 638 

Conquest of Alexandria "> 

Destruction of its Library by Aram j 

Constantine III 641 

Battle of Oswestry, Penda defeats Oswald 

Oswy, seventh Bretwalda ..... 

Constans II 

Thirteenth Chinese Dynasty (T A M) 

University of Cambridge founded 643 

Othman 644 

Conquest of Cyprus 648 

Conquest of Ehodes 653 

Battle of Loidis (Leeds), Oswy defeats Penda > 

Ali } b5 ° 

Clotaire III 656 

Vitalianus becomes the Pope of Eome 657 

Ommiades (Ommeiyades), new dynasty of Caliphs. 661 

Constantine IV 668 

Childeric II 670 



I 



Thierry I 

Greek fire invented by Callinious 

Death of Csedmon ") Qft 

Sixth General Council at Constantinople j 

Leo II. institutor of Holy Water... 682 

Justinian II 685 

Ina 689 

Clovis III .' 690 

Quinisex Council 692 

Conquest of Armenia 693 

Childebert II ) ___ 

-r . > 695 

Deontius ) 

Conquest of Syria "> 

Aspimar Tiberius j 



CHART OF TIME. 93 

CENTURY 8 

A.D. 
John VI, Firm and Wise 701 

Al-Walid 704 

John VII | 

Justinian restored , j 

Death of Aldhelm 709 

Roderic, last Gothic Monarch of Spain 710 

Dagobert II , | 

Philippicus j 

Battle of Xeres, Roderic slain 1 

End of the Gothic Monarchy j 

Anastasius 713 

Gregory II j 

Clotaire IV j ' 1D 

Chilperic II 

Theodosius III 

Defeat of the Saracens at Constantinople 

Destruction of their fleet by Greek Fire j- 717 

Leo III, the Isaurian 

Asturias colonized by Gothic fugitives ^ 

Don Pelagio elected King of Asturias S 718 

ASTURIAS BECOMES A KINGDOM ) 

Thierry II 720 

Edict in favor of Peter's Pence 725 

Iconoclastic insurrection at Constantinople 727 

Edict proclaiming the Bishop of Rome chief Magistrate 730 

Gregory III j 

Historia Ecclesiastica, by Bed e j 

The Saracens defeated by Carles Martel, at Tours 732 

Death of Bede 735 

Favilla 737 

Alfonso 1, the Catholic 739 

Constantine V 741 

OhildericIII 742 

Constantinople sacked by the army 743 

Abdul Abbas : ") 

> 750 
Abassides, a revolution, Merwan II slain \ 

Stephen ~\ 

Pepin "leBref" [ 752 

CARLOVINGIAN DYNASTY ESTABLISHED ) 



94 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

A.D. 

Al-Mansur (Manusur) .' 754 

W* ) 7 cc 

TEMPORAL POWER CONFERRED ON THE POPE j iDD 

Caliphate op Cordova, Abderahman 756 

Froila, of Asturias and Leon 757 

CALIPHATE OF BAGDAT, ALMANSOR 762 

Carloman and Charles ] R 

Aurelis j 

The Plague 772 

Conquest of Lombardy - j -_. 

Silo, "the Saracen" j 

Leo IV | ^ 

Olfa's Dyke built j 

Conslai tine VI 780 

Mauregato, usurper 783 

Bertric 784 

* Haroun Al Raschid, Encourager of Learning 786 

Invasion op the Danes ) 



1 



Seventh General Council (2ndNicene) 

Battle of Roncevalles ) _ g g 

Ber-mudo I j 

Alfonso II, "the Chaste" 791 

Irene '^- J 

f The first Danish invasion of Ireland j 

Council at Frankfort ) 

"War in Ireland ") „„? 

Pope Leo III j 

Hugh VI. of Ireland 797 

Bertric poisoned by his Queen, Eadburga "1 

Egbert, King of Wessex 

Charlemagne crowned, and proclaimed Emperor of the I -^ 

"West... 

CHARLEMAGNE'S EMPIRE CONFIRMED BY THE 

POPE 

CENTURY 9 

Nicephorus 802 

Death of Alcuin 804 



* This is regarded as the Augustan Age of Arabic literature. 

t " Ireland and England were almost exclusively the seats of learning during this 
period." — M - J- Kerney's Compendium— 1870, p. 120. 



j 829 



CHART OF TIME. 95 

A.D. 

Nicephorus purchases peace from the Saracens 805 

Michael 1 811 

Leo V 813 

Louis I, " Le Debonnaire " (France and Germany) 814 

Michael II 820 

Gregory IV | 

UNION OF THE HEPTARCHY, EGBERT } °^* 

Theophilus 

The Witenagemot confirm Egbert as " king of England" 

Nial III 833 

Kenneth MacAlpine 834 

Ethel wolf 838 

Charles II.," The Bald " ■) 

T ., . I 840 

Lothaire j 

Battle of Fontenoy '. 841 

Michael III -\ 

Ramirus I. of Spain > 842 

THE KINGDOM OF POLAND, Piast (absolute king) ) 

Peace op Verdun, division of the Empire ■} 

PICTS DEFEATED, SCOTLAND UNITED UNDER [ 843 

KENNETH ) 

Sergius II 844 

Rome beseiged by the Saracens from Africa 846 

Pope Leo IV 847 

The Saracens routed and their fleet dispersed "» 

Birth of Alfred } 849 

Ordonol 850 

Donald V 854 

Louis II., son of Lothaire 855 

Ethelbald 857 

Nicholas 858 

Ethelbert 860 

Ziemowit 861 

Death of St. Swithin "v 

RUSSIA FOUNDED BY RUR1C j 862 

Ethelred -» 

Alfonso III.," The Great " \ 866 

Basil 867 

Eighth General Council at Constantinople 869 



96 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

A.D. 

Battle of Asendon i 

Alfred " The Great " j &tl 

John VIII. (Pope) 872 

Ethns 874 

Charles II., " The Bald," becomes Emperor of Germany.... 875 

Gregory " The Great " of Scotland 876 

Louis II., " The Stammerer " 877 

Defeat of the Danes at Ethandun 878 

Louis III. and Carloman II 879 

Charles III.," The Fat," King of Germany 881 

Carloman, alone ...: 882 

Deaih of John Scotus," Erigena," of Ireland 883 

Charles " The Fat " usurps the crown of France from ) fiR . 

Charles " the Simple" j 

University of Oxford established 1 

886 



} 



Leo VI .," The Philosopher " , 

Dismemberment of Charlemagne's Empire 

Arnold (Arnulf) [■ 

Alfred's Code, basis of English Law 

Eudes, Count of Paris, " Hugh," Usurper 888 

Leshek 892 

Constantine II., Son of Kenneth 893 

Danes defeated at Farnham 894 

Naval victory, England's supremacy on sea established 897 

Charles III., (IV) " the Simple," restored 898 

Louis III.," The blind" j % 

Louis IV.," Son of Arnulf } Germany / 899 

* England divided into counties, &c, by Alfred (about)... j 
Benedict IV 900 

* Alfred's division of England into counties or shires, hundreds and tithings is a fact 
in favor of the decimal system. 

" That he might render the execution of justice strict and regular, he divided all 
England into counties : these counties he subdivided into hundreds, and the hundreds 
into tithings. Every householder was answerable for the behavior of his family and 
slaves, and even of his guests, if they Uved above three days in his house." — Hume Vol. 1. 

This partition would seem to indicate that King Alfred had carefully considered those 
parts of the Bible referring to the Great Sanhedrim Council, which was originated by 
Moses in consequence of advice received from his father-in-law, Jethro, Priest of Midian. 
See Exodus chap. XVIII. and Numbers, chap. XL 



911 
912 



923 



CHART OF TIME. 97 

CENTURY 10 

A.D. 

Edward (I) " the Elder " 901 

Constantine IIL Son of Ethus 903 

Garcias 1 910 

Constantine Vll. (Zoe, his mother, ruling-) , 

Conrad I, Duke of Franconia 

* Neustria acquired by Rollo 

Duchy of Normandy 

Ziemomyslaw 913 

Ordono*II 914 

University of Oxford completed 915 

War with the Huns, Danes, Vandals and Bohemians -\ 

Henry I.," The Fowler " I 918 

HOUSE OF SAXONY ESTABLISHED ) 

Eomanus 1 919 

Robert L, brother of Eudes 922 

Raoul (Uudolph) 

Froilall , 

Alfonso IV 924 

Athelstan 925 

Ramiro II 927 

Fourteenth Dynasty, from Fo-Hi (H E U — L E A M).... 932 
Anlaf defeated at Brunanburgh by Athelstan (937J.... 

Had hi or Razi (Kaher deposed) 

Otho I., " The Great : ' 

Louis IV.," D'outre Mer," Son of Charles the Simple, 

Malcolm I. of Scotland 

Bible published in the Saxon tongue by Athelstan 

Edmund I 941 

Death of Anlaf ] 

Dunstan, Abbot of Glastonbury J 

* " Rollo, the Dane, forces Charles to confer on him the province of Normandy, and 
becomes, by baptism, A. D. 912, Robert duke of Normandy— Capital Rouen. 

Dukes op Normandy. 

Rollo, died 917 

William, his son * 943 

Richard 1 1002 

Richard H 1026 

Robert II 1635 

William the Conqueror." Oxford Tables. 

F 



} 



934 

936 

938 
941 
942 



98 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

A.D. 
Constantine VII. restored 



} 



j 955 



945 
Olga, widow and regent 

Bdred ' 946 

Fifteenth Dynasty (IIEU-LEAM) 948 

Ordono III 950 

Indulf 952 

Lothaire 954 

Sancho I 

Edwy 

Pope John XII 956 

Rom anus II ] 

Edgar } 959 

Dunstan founds the Abbe}^ of Glastonbury 960 

Duff i 

Sixteenth Dynasty (H E U— H A N) j 961 

Mieozyslaw I ^ 

EOMANO-GEEMAN EMPIRE, Otho crowned Emperor t QQ2 

by Pope John XII ) 

Nicephorus II 963 

Cullen (Colon) | 

Conversion of Poland j 

Eamiro III 967 

John Zimisces 969 

Kenneth II 970 

Seventeenth Dynasty (H E U-H A i\) 972 

Otho II 973 

Edward (II.) " The Martyr " 975 

Basil II. | ") 

Constantine VIII. j ' 976 

Eighteenth Dynasty (H E U— C H E U) » 

Ethelred II.," The Unready " 978 

Bermudo II 982 

Otho III 983 

Nineteenth Dynasty (H E U— S U M) 985 

Louis V., " Le Faineant " | 

Bjorne Herufulson during a storm discovers America (?) j 
Bulgarians defeated by Basil II. 

Hugh Capet, Count of Paris [. 937 

CAPETIAN DYNASTY ESTABLISHED 



CHART OP TIME. 

Death of Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury v 

Vladimir, brother-in-law to Basil II (. 

Conversion of Russia ) 

Peace purchased of the Danes by " the Unready ".. 

Boleslaw I " The Great " 

The Danes paid to retire from England 

Constantine IV. of Scotland 

Kenneth IV.," The Grim," Usurper 

Robert II., son of Hugh Capet l 

Paris proclaimed the capital op France j 

Ethelred purchases peace of the Danes ) 

St. Adalbert slain in Prussia 

Silvester II 

Alfonso V 

North America discovered by Leif Ericson 



CENTURY 11 



Massacre of the Danes , 

Henry II. of Germany 

Bryan Boru (Boroihme) King of Ireland 

Invasion of England (Danish) under Sweyn 

Malcolm II 

Feudal laws introduced into Scotland 

The Plague 

The Danes invade England and Scotland 

Ethelred gives £48,000 and 16 counties for peace. 

Battle op Clontarp, Danes defeated in Ireland (1039) 

Death of Brian Boroimhe, Boru, Borooa 

Fifteen thousand Bulgarians blinded by Basil 

Swiatopalk 

Edmund II., " Ironsides " 

Canute " The Great " becomes also King of England and 

conjointly reigns with Edmund 

Canute alone 

Prussia and Germany invaded by the Poles 

Conquest of Bulgaria 

Conrad II 

HOUSE OF FRANCONIA 

Mieczyslaw II 



99 
A.D. 

988 

991 
992 
993 
994 
995 

996 

997 

999 
1000 



1002 



1003 

1004 
1006 

1010 



1014 

1015 

1016 

1017 
1018 

1024 

1025 



100 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

A.D. 

Bermudo III "> 

Revolt in Poland } 10J7 

Romanus III 1028 

Musical Gamut written by Gus Aretino 1030 

Henry I. of France 1031 

Duncan 1033 

Michael IV 

Rixa (Queen Regent) of Poland 

Harold I., " Hare foot " ^ 



l 1034 



THE KINGDOM OF ARAGON, Romiro I 

THE KINGDOMS OF LEON AND CASTILE, Ferd 



j 1053 



[ 1035 

inand « The Great " J 

Seljukian Turks under Togrul Beg 1038 

Henry III | 

Macbeth } 1039 

Hardicanute 1040 

Michael V ) 

Casimir I. " The Restorer " j 41 

Edward (III.) " The Confessor " (1041) | 

Con stan ti n e IX j 

Common laws (Leges non Scripts) collected 1044 

Death of Earl Godwin , 

Schism of the East (Greek & Latin churches separate), 

Theodora, last of the Macedonian Dynasty 1054 

Malcolm III 1055 

Henry IV 1056 

Isaac I., Comnenus 1057 

Boleslaw II.," The Bold " 1058 

The War of Investiture j 

Constantine X., " Ducas " j" 

Philip 1 1060 

Alp Arslan 1063 

gancho II 1065 

Battle of Hastings ^ 

England conquered by the Normans i 

Death of Harold II., son of Godwin )- 1066 

William I., " TheConquerer," King of England I 

THE NORMAN FAMILY J 

Constantine XI | _ 

Feudal System introduced into England , 



} 



1 



CHART OP TIME. 101 

A.D. 

Revolt of the Saxons 

^England completely suppressed by the Conquerer. 

Edgar Atheling flees to Scotland , )■ 1071 

Rom anus IV, " Diogenes " ") I 

Michael VI. ) J 

Duke Robert's war , ^ 

Alfonso VI [ 1072 

Malek Shah (1074) ) 

Gregory VII.," Hildebrand " 1073 

Death of Earl Waltheof 1075 

Conquest of Jerusalem 1076 

Nicephorus III j 

Tower of London commenced ... j 

Wladyslawl 1080 

Alexis L, Comnenus 1081 

The New Forest laws 1085 

Pope Urban II j iogfi 

Domesday Book completed j 

William II., " Rufus " 1087 

Death of Berengarius 1088 

Death of Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury 1089 

Frederick, first duke of Suabia ~\ 

-(-KINGDOM OF THE ASSASSINS, founded by Hassan- ,' 1090 

ben-Sabah (Sheik) in Persia about J 

Battle of Alnwick, Malcolm slain ^ 

Malek Shah, first victim of the Assassins >• 1093 

Donald Bane J 

Plague in London 1094 

Don Henrique created Count of Portugal 



Council of Clermont. 
The Holy War 



} 



COMMENCEMENT OF THE CEUSADES. 



} 1096 



* " A rigid police is established — tlie curfew — domestic peace maintained. Norman 
French is taught in all Schools, and made use of in all legal proceedings. In short, by 
the Norman conquest, the English become the poor, the miserable, and oppressed, the 
serfs and villains of past ages, and the middle and lower classes of the present — the 
Normans become the rich, the nobles and the oppressors." 

Oxford Tables. 

t " Hassan I., Sheik, first of the ' Old men of the mountain,' and founder of the Order 

of Assassins." 

Haydn. 



102 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

A.D. 

Edgar 1097 

Conquest of Jerusalem by Godfrey de Bouillon -^ 

Death of the Cid (Don Eodrigo Laney) L 1099 

Order of the Knights of St John instituted j 

Henry I., " Beauclerc " 1100 

CENTUEY 12 

Boleslaw III 1102 

Battle of Tinchebray (Robert defeated). a 

Conquest of Normandy L 1106 

Henry V ) 

Alexander I, " The Fierce " 1107 

Louis VI, " Le Gros " 1108 

Urraca (Uracca) 1109 

The Plague 1111 

Alphonso Henrique (Portugal) 1112 

John Conmenus "i 

Order of the Knights Templar } 

CalixtusII 1119 

Death of Prince William by drowning 1120 

Concordat at Worms 1122 

Ninth General (First Lateran') Council 1 

f 1123 
End of the War of Investiture ) 

David I, son-in law to Earl Waltheof 1124 

Lothaire II, the Saxon, Usurper 1125 

Alfonso VII 1126 

Zenghi 1127 

Death of Duke Robert, (imprisoned 28 years) 1134 

Civil war, Matilda against Stephen ) 

Stephen of Blois, Usurper J 

Louis VIL," Le Jeune " 

Justinian's Pandecti (Manuscripts) found at Amalfi . 

Battle of the Standard (Northallerton) 1138 

Battle of Om-iques, Henrique defeats the Moors 

Conrad III 

Wladyslaw II , 

Tenth Oecumenical (2nd Lateran) Council C 1139 

HOUSE OP HOHENSTAUFEN, OR SUABIA 

KINGDOM OF PORTUGAL ESTABLISHED, Alphonse 

Henrique crowned j 



I 1137 



103 



Battle of Wei 

The Order of La Trappe foundc 

Battle of Lincoln, Stephen captured 1141 

Alphonso I. of Portugal 1142 

Manuel Comnenus 1143 

Conquest of Edessa 1 

Nuraddin } 1U5 

Second Crusade "i 

Boleslaw IV j 1147 

Jurie (George L), built Moscow 1149 

Frederick I. " Barbarossa " 1152 

Malcolm IV. " The Maiden 

1153 



Peace of Wallingford j 

*Pope Adrian IV. (Nicholas Breakshire) -\ 

Henry II I 1154 

THE PLANTAGENET FAMILY ESTABLISHED ) 

Papal Bull of Adrian authorizing the invasion of Ireland .. 1155 

Sancho III. and Alfonso VIII 1158 

Alexander II., " The Learned " 1159 

Order of the Carmelites established (about) 1160 

Destruction of Milan by Frederic Barbarossa 1162 

Constitution of Clarendon 1164 

William « The Lion " 1165 

Roderic O'Connor , \ 

Dermot MacMurrough's rebellion j 

The Lombard League 1167 

Invasion of Ireland by Henry 

Richard, earl of Pembroke, "Strongbow" 

Death of Thomas a Becket 1170 

Saladin ,. 1171 

Conquest of Ireland 

END OF THE IRISH MONARCHY 

Catana swallowed by an earthquake 

Rosamond Clifford, " The fair Rosamond " \- 

Mieczyslaw III. " The Old " 

Second battle of Alnwick, William the Lion defeated 1174 

Treaty declaring English kings " Lords Paramount op 

Ireland forever " 1175 

* The ouly Englishman that was ever a Pope. 



} 1172 



104 YZ.1 TO LOVERIN's 

A.D. 

Carfmir II., " The Just " 1177 

Persecution of the Waldenses 1178 

Eleventh (Ecumenical (Third Lateran) council 1179 

Philip II., " Augustus " 



Alexis II., Cornnenus. 

Andronicus 1183 

Isaac II., Angelus ] 

Sancho I. of Portugal j 

Conquest of Jerusalem by Saladin 1187 

Alfonso IX 1188 

Terrible Massacre of the Jews in England 1 

Kichard" The Lion Hearted " [ 1189 

The Third Crusade, under Kichard and Philip 



1190 
Henry VI. 

Order of the Teutonic Knights instituted 1191 

Treaty between Kichard and Saladin 1192 

Death of Saladin 1193 

Richard ransomed for £100,000 1 

LeshekL, " The White" j 1194 

Alexius III., Usurper 1195 

Death of Roderick O'Connor, last king of Ireland i 

Innocent III j 

John I. " Lackland " 1199 

Mieczyslaw III. restored 1200 

CENTURY 13 
The Fourth Crusade, under Baldwin 

Death of Prince Arthur, murdered \- 1202 

Leshek the White, restored. 
Conquest of Normandy ..... 

Constantinople besieged and captured j* 1204 

Baldwin of Flanders, Emperor, 

Genghis Khan," Temoutchin," becomes a General 1205 

Henry 1206 

Stephen Langton made Cardinal 1207 



Otho IV., Duke of Brunswick } 

Interdict laid on England by the Pope j 

Persecution of the Albigenses ) 

Simon de Montford j 

AlphonsoII., "The Fat" 1211 



Second battle of Lincoln, the French defeated 
Ferdinand III. of Spain 



CHART OF TIME. 105 

A.D. 

Frederick II 1212 

Pandolph receives the English crown from John, for the -\ 

Pope, and accepts in lieu a yearly sum of 1000 marks... ]■ 1213 

Jurie II., (George) J 

Battle of Bouvines "» 

Alexander II.," The Wise " ) 12U 

Twelfth (Ecumenical Council (Fourth Lateran) -\ 

* Magna Chaata, signed and sealed at Runnymede j 

Henry III 1216 

Fifth Crusade, under the King of Hungary >. 

[ 1217 

Peter J 

Death of Simon de Montfort at the Seige of Toulouse 1218 

Robert 1221 

Louis VIII., " The Lion " | 

Sancho II. " The Idle " j 1223 

Louis IX., < : The Saint " 1226 

Death of Genghis Khan 

Boleslaw V., " The Modest " 

Death of Stephen Langton ") 

> 1??8 
Baldwin II., John de Brienne regent J 

The Sixth Crusade 1229 

Coal discovered at Newcastle 1233 

Grand Duke Jurie killed -\ 

RUSSIA FALLS UNDER THE YOKE OF THE I 1237 

TARTARS 3 

Jarislaw II , 1238 



* The Magna. Charta is the great Document of Agreement touching English 
Liberty. Its sole object was the protection of the people by carefully guarding against 
the infringement of their rights, from any direction, but more particularly that of 
Royalty. It was demanded by the people, for the people " the Clergy " " the Barons " 
and " the Vassals "—the latter on all occasions constituting the " bone and sinew " of 
the British Nation. It is the grand electric light of the dark ages from which has been 
received the stimulus by which lesser tapers have been kindled and caused to emit a 
benign refulgence, which has proven more or less practically beneficial to all subjects of 
Britain since the time of King John. 

The Charter of Henry I. was its basis, though every agreement from the time of Alfred 
" the Great " down to the meeting at Kunnymede was considered as a means, of affording 
wisdom by which its construction might be the more perfect and satisfactory. The 
infringement of this Charter on the part of George III. and his Parli unent was undoubt- 
edly the cause of the American Declaration of Independence, a scintilation of no 
mean order. 



1 1227 



106 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

A.D. 

Russia and Poland plundered by the Tartars | 

Ilanseatic League j 

Innocent IV., originator of red hats for Cardinals 1243 

Thirteenth (Ecumenical Council, Emperor Frederick II. 

deposed 1245 

The seventh Crusade under Louis IX J -, 91 q 

Alphonso III J 

Alexander III 1249 

Conrad IV 1251 

Alfonso X., " The Wise" 1252 

Richard, Earl of Cornwall 1254 

Rhinish League 1255 

Invasion of China by the Tartars ~\ 

The Mad Parliament Y 1258 

* Bagdad fallen. End of the power op the Saracens.. 3 

Russia pillaged by the Tartars | 

Pekin declared the seat of the Chinese Government } 

The Greek Dynast} 7 recovers Constantinople | 

Michael Palseologus j 

Battle of Lewes, Henry III. captured , 1264 

Battle of Evesham, Henry restored , "\ 

Montfort slain V 1265 

The First Regular Parliament in England J 

Japan invaded by the Tartars | 1 q« q 

CONQUEST OF JAPAN by Kublai Khan j 1Z ™ 

Eighth and last Crusade, under Louis IX . 

Philip III., « The Hardy " [ 1270 

END OF THE CRUSADE WARS J 

Edward I., (IV.)." Longshanks " 1272 

Rodolph I | 

HOUSE OF HAPSBURG j X4,l ° 

Death of Thomas Aquinas " The Angelic Doctor "... 

Fourteenth CEcumenical Council 

Marco Polo introduces Missionaries to China 1275 

Dennis, " The father of his Country " | 

Statute of Mortmain j 

Death of Llewellyn III. by assassination 1282 



I 1274 



* " Bagdad was taken by Hulaku, grandson of the celebrated Genghis Khan ; Al 

Mostasem, the last of the Caliphs, was put to death, the Caliphate abolished and the 

Saracen Empire terminated." 

— Kerney. 



CHART OF TIME. 107 

A.D. 

Conquest of Wales ) 19 „o 

Andronicus Palseologus ) 

Sancho IV., " The Brave " 1284 

Philip IT., " The Fair " 1285 

Margaret " The Fair Maid of Norway " 1286 

The Plague and Persecution of the Jews 1290 

Adolphus of Nassau 1291 

Death of Roger Bacon ) 19 _ 

John Baliol ) 

Pope Celestine V 1294 

Premyslaw I ~\ 

Ferdinand TV, of Spain J- 1295 

Mariner's Compass introduced by Marco Polo ) 

Battle of Dunbar, Baliol a prisoner ~\ 

The Mongol Tartars destroy the Chinese Navy V 1296 

Twentieth family from FO-HI (YVEN) ) 

Battle of Stirling 

William Wallace bravely defends Scotland 

Falkirk 

Albert of Austria 

0thman 1 logo 

EISE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE j ww 

Wenceslaus j ison 

The Christian Jubilee J 

CENTURY 14 

Flavio Gioia of Amain adds the needle to the compass 1302 

Roslin, Comyn defeats the English 1303 

Wallace infamously executed at Smithfield 

Clement IV 

Wladyslaw III., " Lokietek " 

Battle of Methven 

John Comyn assassinated by Robert Bruce [■ 1306 

Robert Bruce 

Edward II., (V.) " Caernarvon " | 

Revolution of William Tell j 

Henry VII 1308 

Papal See removed to Avignon 1309 

Fifteenth Oecumenical Council, order of Knights Templars 

suppressed 1311 



| 1297 
| 1298 



108 KEY TO LOVERIN's 

A.D. 
Death ofGaveston \ 

Alfonso XI I 1312 

Edict suppressing the order of Templars J 

Battle of Bannockburn, Bruce triumphant 

Death of Philip " The Fair " 

Louis X., " The Wrangler " y 1314 

Lewis IV. of Bavaria ) 

Frederick III., of Austria j rival Emperors of Germany j 

Battle of Morgarten 1315 

John I., infant, lived 4 daj'S ■> 

Philip V., " The Long " j 1316 

Death of John Govver -\ 

Ivan I I 1320 

Gunpowder invented by Schwartz (?) ) 

iEtna erupts ■) 

Death of Dante j 1321 

Charles IV., " The Handsome " 1322 

Death of Marco Polo 1323 

John Wycliff born 1324 

Alphonso IV., " The Brave " 1325 

Orchan, Sultan 1326 

Edward III., (VI) » Windsor " 1327 

Philip VI., of Valois -\ 

AndronicusIII I 1328 

THE VALOIS BEANCH OF CAPETIANS ) 

David II., (Bruce) 1329 

Mortimer executed 1 

Louis of Bavaria reigns alone J 

Halidon Hill (Baliol restored a brief period by Edward), j 
Casimir III., " The Great," Last of the Piast Dynasty... j 1333 
Edward III, of England, proclaims himself heir to the") 

French throne, by right of his mother Isabella, >- 1337 

daughter of Philip " The Fair " ) 

Invasion ofFrance by Edward of England 1338 

Battle of Helvoetsluys— English naval superiority... ~\ 

Simeon I., " The Proud " } 1340 

John Palreologus 1341 

Battles of Cressy and Neville's Cross (Gunpowder used)... 1346 



CHART OF TIME. 109 

A.D. 

Conquest of Calais 

Charles IV 



i 1350 



John Cantacuzene f 

Diet at Vislica, first written laws promulgated J 

The Plague, " Black Death " 1348 

The Plague l 

Order of the Garter established j l349 

John II, " The Good " 

Peter " The Cruel " of Spain 

Ivan If 1353 

Death of Rienzi 1354 

Inez de Castro murdered -\ 

John Palaeologus > 1355 

The Golden Bull (German diet instituted) \ 

Battle of Poictiers, John II. of France captured 1356 

Peter " The Severe " of Portugal 1357 

Jacqueries headed by Caillot 1358 

Demetrius II 1359 

Amurath I ~\ 

Janizaries, Turkish order of Infantry, organized > 1360 

Peace of B re tig try ) 

The Plague 1361 

Demetrius III 



Edict for law pleadings in English. 

Charles V., " The Wise " 1364 

Ferdinand I., of Portugal 1367 

Henry II., of Trastmare, Spain 1368 

Louis " The Great " of Hungary, Piast Dynasty extinct , 

1370 



"} 



Gregory XI 

Death of Sir John Mandeville 

Kobert II., first of the Stuarts }■ \y t 

THE HOUSE OF STUART IN SCOTLAND.... 

Death of Petrareh 1374 

Death of Edward, " The Black Prince " .... ) 

Death of Boccaccio j 

Richard II, of Bordeaux, son of the Black Prince 1377 

Civil war in the church, two or more Popes ~\ 

Wenceslas [■ 1378 

THE GREAT SCHISM J 



110 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

A.D. 

J ° hn X • 1379 



} 



Twenty-first Chinese Dynasty (M I N) 

Charles VI., " The Maniac " i 

Wickliffe's Bible published f L ^ 80 

Death of Wat Tyler , 

Wat Tyler's insurrection 

Moscow sacked by Tamerlane ") 

Maria, eldest daughter of Louis " The Great " j lo0 -' 

Poland ravaged by Timur 1383 

Jadwiga, the younger daughter, crowned 



1 1381 



Death of John Wickliffe. 

John I., " The Illegitimate " 1385 

Battle of Sempach >. 

William of Wykeham, founder of New Oxford College.... i _ _ 

Wladislas IV. (Jagiello), marries Jadwiga j 100 ° 

THE JAGIELLON DYNASTY, Constitutional Monarchy J 

Battle of Otterburn (Chevy Chase) Douglas killed 1388 

Bajazet " Lightning " . 1389 

Invasion of Turkey by Tamerlane ~\ 

Henry II., of Spain I 1390 

Bobert III., " Stuart the second " ) 

Manuel II 1391 

The Code Premunire 1392 

Bussia invaded by Timur (Tamerlane) | 

Destruction ofMoscow j 

The Duke of Gloucester murdered. 1397 

Henry IV, " Bolinbroke " -\ 

Deposition of Richard II., Bevolution > 1399 

The Order of the Bath ) 

Death of Chaucer 

Rupert (Bobert) 

Coal introduced as fuel into London y 1400 

Rebellion of Owen Glendower, great-grandson of | 
Llewellyn J 

CENTURY 15 

William Sawtre burned as a heretic 1401 

Battle of Homeldon 1402 

Battle of Shrewsbury ~\ 

Death of Sir Henry Percy [ 1403 

Soliman I J 



CHART OP TIME. Ill 

A.D. 

Death of William Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester 1404 

Death of Tamerlane, maternal descendant from Ghengis ^ 

Kahn Y 1405 

James I., (Duke of Albany regent) ' J 

John II 1406 

Plague in London 1407 

The Sixteenth (Ecumenical Council, Gregory and Benedict 

deposed • 1409 

Battle of Grunwalden ) 

Musa } 

Sigismund 1411 

Mahomet 1 1412 

Henry V.,' " Monmouth " 1413 

Council of Constance, Seventeenth (Ecumenical 1414 

Battle of Agincourt ") 

Conquest of Ceuta (Septa) Africa >■ 1415 

John Huss burned as a heretic ' 

Jerome of Prague, burned | 

Frederick VI. of Nuremburg becomes 1st of Brandenburg, j 

Madeira discovered by the Portuguese 1419 

Treaty of Troyes, England's acquisition of France (?)... | 

Peace between England and France \ 

Amurath II 1421 

Alphonso created " Duke of Braganza " (Portugal) ~\ 

Henry VI, "Windsor" (Gloucester and Bedford regents) (■ 1422 

Charles VII, " The Victorious " ) 

John VII, " Palreologus " ) „ 

Basil IV J U2 ° 

Battle of Patay 

Jeanne d'Arc crowns Charles at Rheims f- 1429 

End of the war of the Popes 

Jeanne d'Arc burned at Eouen 1.... 



I 



Eighteenth (Ecumenical Council 

Edward I, " Duarte " 1433 

Wladyslaw V., (Wladyslaw II, Jagiollon) | \±%± 

Azores discovered hy the Portuguese i 

James II 1437 

Alphonso V.," The African " 

Albert II \ 

HOUSE OF AUSTKIA 



112 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

A.D. 



Frederick III 1440 

Moors reduced to slavery by the Portuguese } 

Birth of Columbus (about) } 1441 

White Moors exchanged for Negroes (Negro slavery) 1443 

Battle of Varna. Wladyslas killed ) 

1444 



! 



| 1445 



Slavery introduced into Spain 

Casimir IV 

Printing invented by Laurens John Koster (about). 

Revolution of the Teutonic Knights 1446 

Pope Nicholas V 1447 

Constantine XII, " Palseologus " 1448 

Battle of Sevenoaks 

Sir Humphrey Stafford killed 



Mazarin's Bible printed f 1450 

Jack Cade's insurrection J 

Bishop Turn bull ") 

Mahomet II I 1451 

St. Andrews University founded by Turnbull J 

Constantinople captured by Mahomet II 1 1ylKO 

FALL OF THE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE } 1453 

Henry IV. of Spain 1454 

The War op the Roses (civil) ^ 

BattleofSt. Albans !• 1455 

Duke of Somerset killed J 

Battle of Blore Heath » , tmn 

Sir Andrew Trollop betrays the Yorkists j 

Battle of Wakefield -\ 

The Luke of York killed I 1460 

James III J 

Second Battle of St. Albans -. 

Battle of Towton (Lancastrians fatally defeated) i 

Edward IV, son of Richard, Duke of York j 

Louis XI J 

Ivan III., " Basilovitz " 1462 

Battle of Hexham, Yorkists completely victorious.... 

Death of JohirFaust (Fust) 

Peace op Thorn, East Russia subjected to Poland . 1466 

Death of John Giittenberg 1468 

RUSSIA SHAKES OFF THE YOKE OF THE TAR- 
TARS 1469 



I 1464 



CHART OF TIME. 113 

AD. 

Bichard Neville, Earl of Warwick 1470 

Battle of Barnet j *} 

Battle of Tewkesbury J I 

Death of Warwick, " The King Maker " I . „. 

The death of Thomas a Kempis [ 

The Prince of Wales murdered by Edward IV. and his i 

brothers ; Henry VI. found dead soon after J 

Birth of Nicholas Copernicus 1473 

Isabella becomes " Queen of Leon and Castile. " ") „ 

L 1474 
Book on Chess printed by Caxton (translation) J 

Fire-arms and cannon, by Ivan 1475 

Birth of William Tyndale 1477 

The Plague | ^s 

The Duke of Clarence drowned in a butt of Malmsey ) 

Ferdinand II., of Arragon, " The Catholic," "\ 

Ferdinand and Isabella unite dowries by marriage >• 1479 

Union of Castile and Arragon J 

Bajazetll | 

John II., " Great and Perfect " } 1401 

Edward V, (VIII.) and 1 , , . , m . 

The Duke of York [murdered in the Tower 1 

Bichard III. Usurper , j 

Charles VIII, " The Affable " J 

The Inquisition, Torquemada Inquisitor-general 1484 

Battle of Bosworth ^ 

Sweating Plague i 1 

Henry VII <► 1485 

Pe^ce of the War of the Boses 

THE TUDOR FAMILY 

Cape of Good Hope rounded by Captain Diaz -\ 

Marriage of Henry VII, of Lancaster, and Elizabeth "> 1486 

of York J 

Lambert Simnel's rebellion 1487 

James IV 1488 

Conquest of Grenada by Gonzalvo de Cordova ^ 

Death of Lorenzo de Medici i 

John Albrecht (Albert) y 1492 

DISCO VEEY OF AMERICA BY CHRISTOPHER I 

COLUMBUS J 

G 



114 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

A.IX 

Maximilian 1 1495 

At Seville, 500 Indians sold into slavery by Columbus... ^ 

Birth of Jacques Cartier > 1494 

* Poyning's Act ) 

Emmanuel I -> 

The Imperial Chamber instituted at Worms j 

Vasco de Gama, first navigator to India -\ 

f NOKTH AND SOUTH AMERICA VISITED BY I 1497 

THE CABOTS ) 

Louis XII, Duke of Orleans, " Father of the People " 1498 

Newfoundland discovered by the Cabots, John and -\ 

Sebastian I 1499 

Perkin Warbeck's Rebellion J 

The Plague 

Brazil discovered by Cabral 



1500 



) 



1502 



CENTUKY 16 

Alexander I, of Poland "\ 

St. Helena and Greenland discovered by Cortereal ^ 1501 

Aulic Council 

Death of Arthur, Prince of Wales , 

Second expedition of Vasco de Gama 

Institution of the Order of the Thistle (about) 1503 

Jane, (Joanna), " The Insane," l 

The " Great Harry'' (£14,000), first of the PoyalNavy } 

Basil V 1505 

Death of Columbus ) 

Sigismundl., "The Great " .. j 

Henry VIII, heir of both houses, York and Lancaster 1509 

The Portuguese colonize Goa in India "> 

Empsonand Dudley, executed j 



* " The most important measure of all was one which provided that thereafter no legis- 
lation whatever should be proceeded with in Ireland, unless the bills to be proposed were 
first submitted to the king and council in England, and were returned, certified under 
the great seal of the realm. This is usually and specially called ' Poyning's Act. ' " 

McGee's History of Ireland. 

■f John and Sebastian Cabot, father and son, were the first Europeans who are known 
to have debarked on the mainland of North and South America, if we except the disco- 
veries of the tenth century- 



CHART OF TIME. 115 

A.D. 

Conquest of Navarre from John d' Albert n 

Ferdinand V, of all Spain ( 

Selim " The Ferocious " j U 

Nineteenth (Ecumenical Council (Fifth Lateran) J 

Battle of Flodden Field 

Pope Leo X., de Medici | 

James V., Dake of Albany Regent.... ^ 1513 

Discovery of the Pacific Ocean by Vasco Nunez de 

Balboa 

Thomas Wolsey created Bishop of Lincoln 1514 

Francis I. King of France 1515 

Charles I., King of all Spain and the Netherlands 151G 

Death of Nunez de Balboa ^ 

Luther's rebellion in the Church > 1517 

THE REFORMATION ) 

Discovery of Mexico by Juan de Grijalva lolS 

Conquest of Mexico by Fernando Cortez -\ 

Fernando Magellan begins his celebrated voyage ^ 15\$ 

Charles I. of Spain becomes also Charles V. of Germany. ) 

Papal Bull burned at Wittemburg by Martin Luther n 

Birth of William Cecil i 

Death of Raphael )■ 1520 

Soliman II., " The Magnificent " I 

Field of the Cloth of Gold. Royal interview.... •> 

Conquest of Belgrade 

Magellan killed at the Philippine Islands 

Don John III )■ 1521 

The Diet at Worms proclaims Henry VIII. " Defender I 

of the Faith " ) 

Sebastian del Cano completes the first circumnavi- ~\ 

gation of the earth in Magellan's ships v 1522 

New Testament, by Martin Luther ) 

Clement VII 1523 

John Verazani names the Atlantic coast," New France " -\ 

Death of Bayard. [• 1524 

Birth of Camoens J 

Battle of Pavia " Tout est perdu, madame, fors l'honneur " " 
Albert of Brandenburg acknowledged Duke of East Prus- 
sia, a fiefdom of Poland ( 

The New Testament by Tyndale I 



1530 



116 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

AD. 

War between France and Spain "\ 

Eome stormed and captured in war against the Pope >■ 1527 

Death ofNicolo Machiavelli , J 

The Sweating Plague 1528 

Diet at Spires for the condemnation of Eeformers 1529 

Death of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey 

Augsburg Confession of Faith, by Melancthon 

The Teutonic Knights expelled from Prussia 

Protestant League at Smalcald, origin of the appela- [ 1531 

tion " PEOTESTANT " 

Ivan IV., "The Terrible" "\ 

Henry VIII., assisted by Archbishop Cranmer, obtains a > 1533 

divorce from Catharine of Arragon ) 

Pope Paul III n 

Henry VIII. declares himself " Head of the Church " . 
The Order op the Jesuits founded by Ignatius Loyola 
NEW FRANCE VISITED BY JACQUES-CAETIER. 

Conquest of Peru by Pizarro... 

Sir Thomas Moore beheaded 

Cartier discovers the Eiver St. Lawrence , 

Insurrection of the Anabaptists at Munster 

Anne Boleyn beheaded 1536 

Thomas Cromwell, created Earl of Essex | 

Cranmer's " Great Bible " printed by authority j 

Ignatius Loyola recognized by the Pope -* 

Cromwell disgraced and beheaded on Tower Hill 



1534 



1535 



Scotland circumnavigated )■ 1540 

Papal Bull of Paul III, confirming the Order of the I 

Jesuits • • ' 

John Calvin , ~\ 

Pizarro assassinated by Almagro > 1541 

Discovery of the Mississippi by Fernandez de Soto J 

Efforts to colonize New France "1 

M. de la Roque disembarks at Stadacona I 

St. Francois Xavier arrives a Missionary atGoa, India.... I 

Death of De Soto 

Mary becomes " Queen of the Scots " (one week old)... 
Henry VIII. proclaims himself" King of Ireland "... 

Death of Copernicus j ~-.~ 

Japan admits the Portuguese at Nagasaki j 



CHART OP TIME. 117 

A.D. 

Council of Trent, twentieth (Ecumenical (1545-1563) 

Luther and Calvin condemned 1545 

Death of Martin Luther 1546 

Battle of Pinkey \ 

Edward VI. (IX.)..... ' 1547 

Henry II. of France ) 

Sigismund II, " Augustus " 1548 

Colonization of Brazil, St. Salvador the capital 

M. de la Roque and vessels lost during storm 



Death of de la Roque de Rober val at sea (* 

" First Book of Common Prayer " printed in English J 

Birth of Robert Cecil 1550 

Birth of Edmund Spenser -^ 

Death of Somerset, father of Lady Jane Grey i 

Death of St. Francois Xavier ( 1552 

Treaty of Passau, religious freedom established J 

Fifth Franco-Spanish war -\ 

Miguel Servetus burned at Geneva [• 1553 

Mary succeeds Edward YI of England ) 

Lady Jane Grey beheaded 1554 

Philip II. of Spain 1 

Pope Paul IV } 1555 

Death of Ignatius Loyola | ) 

Thomas Cranmer burnt at Oxford j >• 1556 

Ferdinand I ) 

Don Sebastian 1557 

Conquest of Calais by the Duke of Guise -\ 

Death of Charles V. of Germany >- 1558 

Elizabeth " The Virgin Queen " ) 

Francis II , 1559 

Charles IX -\ 

* Treaty of Edinburgh. The Queen of the Scots assumes > 1560 
to be the heiress to the English throne ) 

*" After the death of Mary queen of England, and daughter to Henry VIII., the 
Prince of Guise insisted on the claim of Mary queen of the Scots to the crown of England, 
in preference to that of Elizabeth whom they looked upon as illegitimate. This claim 
was supported by the king of France, who prevailed upon the queen of the Scots herself 
to assume the title of queen of England, and to stamp money under that character. The 
arms of England were quartered with those of France and Scotland and employed as 
ornaments for the plate and furniture of Mary and the Dauphin. " 

British Cyclopaedia. 



118 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

A.D. 

Sir John Hawkins introduces Slavery into England 1562 

Second book of Common Prayer 1563 

Florida Settled by the Huguenots at St. Augustine.. 

Birth of William Shakspeare J- 1564 

Maximilian II , 

Florida conquered by Melandez. 

St. Augustine destroyed, and the inhabitants massacred. . j- 1565 

Potatoes from Santa Fe, by Sir John Hawkins. 

Selim II 1566 

Lord Darnley murdered ) «„-_ 

1567 



} 



Parker's Bible, " The Bishop's Bible " | 

Imperial Guard, " Strelitz," established by Ivan j 



| 1571 



| 1574 



James VI, of Scotland , 

TCisVirm's Tlihlfi " "k 

1568 

Lithuania united to Poland , 1569 

Battle of Lepanto, the Turks defeated , 

.Birth of Johann Kepler 

Massacre of St. Bartholomew , 

Death of John Knox 

Pope Gregory XIII j 

Camoens' Lusiada (Epic Poem) J 

Henry, Duke of Anjou, elected king of Poland "> -_„ 

ELECTIVE MONAECHY ESTABLISHED in Poland. . j 15 ' 3 

Amurath III. 

Henry III. (abdicates the Polish Throne) 

Stephen Bathori elected, succeeds Henry 1575 

Podolph II 1576 

Circumnavigation op the Earth by Sir Francis Drake 1577 

Don Henry, "The Cardinal" 1578 

Death of Camoens 1579 

Portugal falls under Spanish rule ~\ 

Don Anthony. Deposed by Philip II. of Spain > 1580 

English version of the K. Catholic N. Testament ) 

The Calendar reformed by Gregory XIII 1582 

Red Cross Flag planted in America by Sir H. Gilbert 1583 

Colonization (unsuccessful) of Virginia by Sir Walter ^ 

Paleigh | 

The loss of " the Squirrel " by storm at sea }■ 1584 

Death of Sir Humphrey Gilbert by drowning I 

Feador or Theador I '■ 



I 1594 



CHART OP TIME. 119 

D.A. 

The Jesuits and Portuguese expelled from Japan 1585 

The Babington Plot against the life of Queen Elizabeth.... 1586 
Virginia Dare, first of English parents in America. ~\ 

Sigismund III., Vasa [■ 1587 

Mary, " Queen of the Scots," beheaded 3 

The Spanish Armada defeated 1588 

Assassination of Henry III, by James Clement, a monk. "\ 

End of the House of Valois, and commencement of > 1589 

THE BOURBON DYNASTY, Henry IV ) 

Massacre^ of the Christians in Japan "> 

The "Faerie Queene," by Spenser J 

The Crotian Massacre, 65,000 Christians slain 1592 

The Jesuits expelled from France 

-Chatel's conspiracy to assassinate Henry IV 

Death of Tasso " Torquato," poet "i 

Mahomet III j 

The death of Admiral Drake ... 1596 

Battle of Blackwater, O'Neil defeats the English , .. v 

JJeath of Lord Burleigh (William Cecil) 

M, de la Roche, second Viceroy of New France. 

Philip III, of Spain [ 1598 

Boris G-odonof, usurper, institutor op Serfdom ... 

Edict op Nantes 

Peace of Vei'vins, mutual restoration of conquests... 

Death of Spenser 

The fur trade monopolized in N. France by Chauvin [• 1599 

and Pontgrave 

First Charter granted to the East India Company ■» 

Japan, by treaty, permits commerce with the Dutch j 

CENTURY 17 

Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, executed 1601 

James VI. op Scotland becomes James I. of England. 

Ahmed I. (Achmet) 

The Main and Bye Plots , f 1603 

THE HOUSE OF STUART J 

Acadia, Port Royal, colonized by France 

The Jesuits readmitted to France , 



} 



120 



KEY TO LOVERIN 8 



Battle of Kirkholm 

Death of John Zamo} 7 ski 

Feador II 

The Gunpowder Plot, Guy Fawkes 

Great Fire at Constantinople 

The first Colonial Charter, granted by James I 

Virginia colonized by the English at Jamestown, Captain 
John Smith 

Pocahontas 

THE FIRST PERMANENT ENGLISH SETTLEMENT 
IN AMERICA 

Birth of John Milton 

John Sigismund 

Quebec founded by Champlain 

THE FIEST PERMANENT FRENCH SETTLEMENT 
IN AMERICA 

Second "Virginian Colony by Lord de la "Ware 

English version of the Douay Bible published 

Newfoundland colonized by Governor Sir John Guy 

Assassination of Henry IV by Ravillac 

Mary de Medici. Regent 

Louis XIII. succeeds Henry IV 

Hudson's Bay discovered by Henry Hudson (1606) 

Fathers Masse* and Briart, Jesuits, arrive at Port Royal . 

Plague at Constantinople, 200,000 perish 

Gustavus Adolphus 

Factories built at Surat, Goa 

The Bible published, as " authorized by James I." 

Champlain returns to N. France as Lieut.-Governor 

Mathias 

John Rolfe receives Pocahontas in marriage 

Michael Feodorwitz 

THE ROMANOFF DYNASTY ESTABLISHED 

New Netherlands, Manhattan or New Amster- 
dam (now New York) colonized by the Dutch, 
and called New England by Captain John Smith 
( Clergy 

The States General 1 Nobility 
(^ Commons 
prior to the French Revolution 



The last meeting 



A.Dt 

1605 

1606 



)■ 1607 



1608 



160C< 



y i6ia 

I 

J 



1611 
1612 

i6ia 



}■ 1614- 



1615* 



1616- 



CHART OF TIME. 121 

A.D.. 
The Recollet Fathers brought to New France (Quebec)... 
Negro Slavery introduced into the English colonies by 

James Smith and Thomas Keyser 

" Don Quixote " published J 

China invaded by the Manchou Tartars n 

Death of Shakspeare 

Death of Cervantes, author of "Don Quixote" 

Baffin's Bay discovered by William Baffin 

Mustapha 1 161T 

The Thirty Years' War -. 

Sir Walter Raleigh executed I - MC> 

rkiu tt r lnl» 

Othman II f 

Synod at Dort in Holland J 

Ferdinand II. -s 

Discovery of the circulation of the blood by William I 
Harvey 

The First Colonial Assembly, at Jamestown, Virginia 

The Battle of Prague ^ 

English Pilgrims land at Plymouth Rock, and found a 

colony 

Twenty slaves landed from a Dutch man-of-war, on the |- 1620 

James River I 

Helen, wife of Champlain, arrives at Quebec 

The earliest American Covenant (41 signatures) J 

Philip IV ) 

Cotton introduced into Virginia ) 

N. Hampshire colonized by Mason and Gorges "\ 

AmurathlV. (Murad) [■ 1623: 

Pope Urban VIII , ) 

Richelieu becomes chief minister of Louis XIII n 

History of Virginia, N. England, and the Summer Isles, | 

by Captain John Smith }■ 1624 

The Novum Organum by Bacon I 

The Society of St. Joseph J 

The Jesuits arrive in New France 

Charles I 



1621 



1625 



The death of Francis Bacon (Lord Verulam) 1626- 



122 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

A.D. 
Boston founded. ^ 

Delaware and Pennsylvania colonized by Swedes and | 

Fins I 1627 

* The Company of one hundred Associates Chartered 

by Eichelieu, Champlain being made President j 

Massachusetts Bay colonized by Captain John Endicot. -\ 

The Duke of Buckingham assassinated by Felton i- 1628 

The Petition of Eight J 

Conquest of Quebec by Admiral Kirkt 1629 

Death of Captain John Smith, " Father of Virginia " 1631 

Battle of Lutzen 

Births of John Locke and Christopher Wren 1 

Death of Gustavus Adolphus . 

Wladislas VI., Vasa (1633) I 1632 

Quebec restored to the French by treaty, in honor of 

which the Church " Notre-Dame de la Eecouvrance " 

was built j 

Colonization of Maryland by Calvert, " Lord Baltimore " n 

Massacre of Christians in Japan (about) I 

Champlain becomes Governor of New France ( 

Edict expelling Christians from Japan J 

Academie de France founded by Richelieu 1634 

Connecticut colonized by Fenwick at Say-Brook -\ 

Rhode Island by Roger Williams and brethren [• 1635 

Death of Samuel de Champlain 3 

M. de Montmagny, Governor of New France > 

Institution of the ceremony of" Trampling on the Cross.", f 

Death of Ben Jonson 

First Printing Press in America, at Cambridge, by 

Samuel Greene I 1637 

Ferdinand III | 

Harvard University founded by John Harvard J 



1633 



1636 



* " Cardinal Richelieu was the founder of 'the Society of 100 Associates.' The new 
company formed in Paris to lfiiiT to take the place of that to which the de Caens be- 
longed * * The Company of Associates received from the king the powers and privileges 
which had previously been granted to the Viceroys and chartered companies. It was 
bound to provide for the settlement of the country, and for the religious care of the 
colonists, as well as the conversion of the savages ; 4000 colonists were to be taken out 
and settled on the lands before the year 1643. Every inhabitant was to be a French sub- 
ject and only one religious faith was to be tolerated. The religious missions for the 
conversion of the heathen tribes were to be entrusted to only one order of priesthood. 
The governor, or chief officer of the Company in the colony, was to be appointed by the 
•Society, also the officers of justice, subject to the king's approval." 

— H. H. Miles, History of Canada, page 26. 



CHART OF TIME. 

Death of Jansen, Bishop of Ypres ] 

League with the Covenanters j 

Madame de la Peltrie founds the Ursuline convent, Quebec") 

•Colonization of Madras, Fort St. George built >■ 

Hotel Dieu founded at Quebec (School and Nunnery) ) 

Ibrahim I., Sultan ^ 

Frederick William, " The Great Elector " 

Dom John, Duke of Braganza, proclaimed king of Portugal 

The Long Parliament 

The Company of Montreal founded 

Portugal becomes independent of Spain and establishes 

THE HOUSE OF BRAGANZA 

Massacre of Protestants at Ulster (St. Ignatius) (?) n 

Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Straffoi'd, executed I 

The Star Chamber and Court of High Commission abol- y 

ished I 

Moore and Maguire's rebellion in Ireland ' 

Civil war, Roundheads vs Cavaliers 

Ville Marie (Montreal) founded by Paul Chomedy de 

Maisonneuve 

Birth of Newton (Isaac) 

Death of Gallileo I 

_ . „ f VanDiemen's Land ") 

Discovery of j New Ze&]&nd j by Tasman J 

Battle of Chalgrove Field, Hampden killed -. 

Death ofPym, lieutenant of ordnance i 

Mazarin succeeds Cardinal Richelieu y 

Louis XIV | 

Papal edict against too many holidays J 

Battle of Marston Moor, Prince Rupert defeated 

China overpowered by the Manchou Tartars 

Birth of William Penn 

Oliver Cromwell rises into power 

" Directory for Public Worship " published 

Twenty-second (present) Dynasty (C I M) J 

Battle of Naseby, Charles I. totally defeated \ 

William Laud, Ai'chbishop of Canterbury, beheaded [■ 

Alexis I., "Father of his Country " ) 

Charles I. surrendered to Parliament for £400,000 



123 
A.D. 

1638 
1639 



y 1640 



1041 



Y 1642 



1643 



1644 

1645 
1646 



124 



KEY TO LOVERIN S 



A.D. 



y 164& 



V 1649 



Massacre of the missionaries by the Indians ^ 

M. d'Aillebout, Governor of New France 

John Casimir, Vasa 

Mahomet or Mahomed IV 

* The Falls of Niagara discovered by the Rev'd. Jesuit 

Priest, Paul Ragueneau 

The Rump Parliament, " Pride's Purge " 

Peace op Westphalia. End of the Thirty Years "War. > 

Civil war, capture of Drogheda by Cromwell 

Massacre of the garrison of Drogheda 

Destruction of the Huron s by the Iroquois 

Charles I. executed 

Monarchy and the House of Lords abolished 

The Commonwealth. Revolution complete 

The Battle of Dunbar 

Birth of John Churchill I 

Birth of William, Prince of Orange j 

Montrose (James Graham) executed J 

Battle of Worcester, Charles II. defeated, flees to France, >. 

thence to Scotland, where he is crowned at Scone by : 

the eighth Earl of Argyle } 

M. Jean Lauzon, Governor of N. France I 

The Navigation Act ' 

Naval war with England and Holland 1652 

Battle of Texel, VanTromp defeated by Blake off Ports- \ 

mouth 

Marguerite Bourgeois founds the Notre Dame Convent 

at Montreal [ 1653 

Oliver Cromwell, " Lord Protector " of England 

Barebone's Parliament 

Peace between England and Holland „ 



1650 



1651 



* " De la mesme Nation Neutre tirant presque au Midy, on trouue vn grand Lac, 
quasi de deux cens lieues de tour, nomine Erie, qui se forme de la decharge de la Mer 
douce, et qui va se preeipiter par vne cheute d'eaux d'vne effroyable hauteur, dans vn 
troisieme Lac, nomine Ontario, que nous appellons le Lac Saint Louys, dont nous par- 
lerons cy-apres." 

— Relation of the Jesuits 1648, page 46 
Translation : 

From the Neutral Nation, bearing nearly south, we find a grand Lake about two 
hundred leagues in circumference, named Erie, which is formed from the discharge of 
the gentle Sea (Lake Huron), and whicb is precipitated over a fall of water of a fearful 
height into a third Lake, named Ontario, which we call Lake St. Louis, of which we 
will speak hereafter." 



CHART OP TIME. 125 

A.D. 

Conquest of Jamaica by Admiral Penn v 

Charles de Lauzon, Governor of N. France i 

Death of Miles Standish y 1656 

Death of Archbishop Ussher I 

Alphonso VI., " The Imbecile " J 

The Sulpicians, under M. de Queylus, arrive at Montreal, n 

Death of Admiral Blake i 

Death of Dr. Harvey, discoverer of the circulation j 

Prussia proclaims her independence of Poland J 

M. d'Argenson governs N. France v 

Death of Oliver Cromwell... i 

Leopold I I 1658 

Richard Cromwell succeeds his father J 

M. de Laval arrives at New France -\ 

The reassembling of" the Rump " Parliament V 1659 

Revolution •'< The Rump expelled " ) 

Dollard with his band of heroes massacred by Indians.... s 

Christian Ernest institutes " The Order of Concord " 

The Restoration op Charles II, by acclamation )- 1660 

Tea introduced into England from China I 

The Convention Parliament, called by General Monk... . J 
France purchases Dunkirk from England for £400,000... ^ 
The Eighth Earl of Argyll, Archibald Campbell, executed 

M. d'Avaugour, Governor of N. France , [ 1661 

Colbert succeeds Mazarin as Prime Minister of France.../ 

The Sulpicians acquire the whole Island of Montreal n 

M. de Mesy becomes the Gorernor of N. France i 

The Sovereign Council : Bishop, Governor, and Royal y 1663 

Intendant | 

=* CANADA BECOMES A ROYAL COLONY J 

* " By a royal edict, dated in February, 1663, the King of France took into his own hands 
all the rights which had been conferred in 1628. The reasons assigned were the Compa- 
ny's failure to send out enough of colonists, and its present inability to provide properly, 
either for the settlement of the country or its defense against the Iroquois. " 

" Next, by another edict, of April, 1663, New France was declared to be a Royal 
government, that is, a province under the direct rule of the King. To carry out this 
measure a local body was created, called the Sovereign Council. " * * * 

" The new constitution for the province was as follows :— All acts of government were 
to be in the name of the King. A Sovereign or Supreme Council was appointed, consis- 
ting of the Governor, the Eishops and the Royal Intendant, together with an Attorney 
General, chief clerk, and four counsellors named by the three first-mentioned officials." 
■"The Royal Intendant was to preside and take notes at Meetings of the Council. The prin- 
cipal function of the Council was to sit as a High Court of Justice." * * 

H. H. Miles' History of Canada, pages 63, 64. 



J 



126 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

A.D. 
War between Holland and England (commercial jea-N 

lousy) I 

New Netherlands (Manhattan) acquired from the Dutch j- 1664 

and named after the Duke of York — New York.. 

Seigniorial Tenure introduced into New France 

The Carignan Regiment sent to Canada, Marquis de 

Tracy commanding 

The Plague, 100,000 deaths I 

Chevalier de Courcelle, Governor of Canada j 

M. Talon succeeds * M. Eobert as Eoyal Intendant i 

Charles II., Anne of Austria (his mother) regent J 

The Great Fire in London, 13,000 houses burnt 1666. 

The Earl of Clarendon, Edward Hyde, impeached and-s 

exiled i 

Milton's works published j 

Peace ofBreda , , J 

Small-pox in New France (Canada) severe ~\ 

The Triple League : England, Holland and Sweden >■ 1668 

versus France , • ) 

Carolina colonized by Governor Sayle ") \Qpn 

Michael Korybut ) 

Laval created " Bishop of Quebec " New France \ ige/y 

History of the Rebellion (by Clarendon), published ) 

Louis Baude, Count de Frontenac, Governor of New ~\ 

France j 

Battle of Choezim •) 

Discovery of Mississippi Eiver by Joliette and Marquette >■ 1673 

The Test Act *. 3 

The death of John Milton ) \q^± 

John Sobieski i 

Pope Innocent XI ~\ 

Theador III [ 1676 

Bacon's rebellion at Jamestown — Berkeley defeated J 

Whigs and Tories (civil war) -\ 

Titus Oates' plot I 1678 

The Peace of Nimeguen J 

* " The first Intendant named under the proclamation of 1663 was M. Robert ; but he 
never came to Canada to fill bis office, and it was not till the summer of 1665 that Jean 
de Talon arrived at Quebec as the first real Intendant, with) the Viceroy de Tracy, and 
the Carignan Regiment. Lemoine's Picturesque, Quebec, Page 221. 



CHART OF TIME. 

The Habeas Corpus " Writ of Eight " passed | 

The Meal Tub plot } 

Pekin, capital of China, destroyed by earthquakes , 

Pennsylvania sold to the Penn family in lieu of £16,000... ) 

William Penn i 

Philadelphia purchased a second time from the Indians, 

and founded as a colony by William Penn 

M. de la Barre, Governor of Canada 

Ivan Y. and Peter (Peter alone 1689) 

Battle of Vienna, Sobieski defeats the Turks 

Death of Colbert 

Dom Pedro II 

Edict against the Christians in China 

The Charter of Liberties demanded by Colonists 

The Eye House Plot 

M. de Denonville 

Battle of Sedgmoor, Monmouth defeated , 

Monmouth beheaded 

Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyle, executed 

James II 

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes 

Monmouth's Rebellion in England ) 
Argyle's Rebellion in Scotland j 

Sir Edmund Andrew, Governor of New England , 

Judge Jeffreys, of the Bloody Assizes I 

Penal laws against Roman Catholics suspended \ 

Conspiracy of M. de Denonville against the Iroquois at 
Cataracoui, whereby many were sent to the galleys in 

France 

Death of John Alden 1 

Soliman III j 

The Connecticut Charter secreted in an oak by Joseph f 
Wadsworth of Harwood j 

M. de St. Valier succeeds Laval as Bishop of New N 

France 

Death of John Bunyan 

Frederick III, son of the Great Elector.... 

The Declaration of Indulgence Act 

Revolution ; and expulsion of James II 



127 
A.D„ 

1679 

1680 

1681 

1682 



1683; 



168* 



} 1685 



1 



168S 



168T 



)■ 1688 



323 



KEY TO LOVERIN 8 



A.D. 



King William's war (civil) 

Massacre at Lachine 

Frontenac returns as Governor of New France 

Peter, alone. " The Great" 

William III and Mary 

Declaration of the Bill of Eights 

War in Ireland. Battle of the Boy ne.. 

Admiral Phipps repulsed at Quebec 

Schenectady burnt by the French and Indians 

Medal struck and a Church, " Notre-Dame de la Victoire," 

built in honor of victory over Phipps 

Englebert Ksempfer visits Japan 

Ahmed II \ 

*THE TREATY OF LIMERICK } 

Naval victory of LaHogue by the English and Dutch. . 

Origin of the National Debt 

Massacre of the McDonalds of Glencoe 

Persecution and burning of witches in New England ... 

Hanover declared an Electorate 

The death of Queen Mary, from small-pox 

William III. (alone) 

The Bank op England established by Charter.... 

Mustapha II., son of Mahomed IV 

The death of John Sohieski 

Frederick Augustus II., Elector of Saxony 

The Barclay Plot 

The Battle of Zenta, Turks defeated by Prince Eugene. 

Frederick Augustus elected 

Peace op Ryswick 

The death of Frontenac at Quebec 

Russian Order of St. Andrew by Peter "The Great".... 

Louisiana colonized by the French 

Chevalier de Calliere, Governor of New France 

Construction of Fort William at Calcutta , 

The Peace of Carlowitz, Ottoman power broken J 



}. 1689 



1690 

1691 
1692 

1694 
1695 
1696 

1697 
1698 

1699 



* " This celebrated treaty (after the battle of Aughrim) provided that all Roman Ca- 
tholics should enjoy the free exercise of their religion, as in the reign of Charles II., and 
that the Catholic gentry should be allowed to have arms, and should be required to take 

lio oath but that of allegiance." 

— Kerney. 



CHART OF TIME. 129 

A.D. 

The Battle of Narva, Peter " The Great " totally defeated ^| 

by Charles XII of Sweden j 

Death of the Duke of Gloucester (Heir presumptive) } 1700 

Philip V., grandson of Louis XIV becomes King of Spain- | 
ABOUEBON DYNASTY ESTABLISHED IN SPAIN, j 



CENTURY 18 
Civil war in Spain 



1 



The death of James II 

Death of Dryden 

The Act of Settlement j 

General Peace Conference with the Indians under \ 1701 

Kondiaronk, at Montreal | 

FBEDERICK III., SON OF THE GREAT ELECTOR, 

CEOWNS HIMSELF « FREDEEICK I., KING OF 

PEUSSIA." 

The Succession War. "Queen Ann's war" 

Mobile (Alabama) colonized by the French 

John Churchill created " Duke of Marlborough " )■ 1702 

Queen Anne succeeds William III I 

Abjuration of the Stuarts ) 

St. Petersburg founded by " Peter the Great " -\ 

M. de Vaudreuil, Governor of New France (■ 1703 

Achmet III... ) 

Battle of Blenheim, Marlborough victorious ^ 

Conquest of Gibraltar by Admiral Eooke 

Deerfield massacre by the French and Indians 

l 1704 
Death of John Locke ,' 

Stanislaus Leszezynski (1706) i 

The " Strelitz " abolished by " Peter the Great " J 

Joseph 1 1705 

The Battle of Eamillies, Marlborough victorious "\ 

Birth of Benjamin Franklin I 1706 

Dom John V. j 

The Battle of Almanza, English, Dutch and Portuguese^ 

defeated by the French and Spanish 

England and Scotland unite their Parliaments and j 

become GEEAT BEITALN" ) 



I 1711 



130 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

A.D. 

Battle of Oudenardc, Marlborough defeats Vendorae \ 

Birth of William Pitt (■ 1708 

Death of Bishop Laval ) 

Battle of Pultowa, Charles XII. of Sweden defeated by 

Peter "The Great" 

i 1709 
Battle of Malplaquet, Marlborough victorious 

Frederick Augustus restored 

Conquest of Port Royal, name changed to Annapolis "> 

Sacheverell riots in London j 

Charles VI 

Sir Hovenden Walker's Armada shipwrecked 

Frederick William I 

Papal Bull against the Jansenists (Unigenitas) i- 1713 

* The Peace op Utrecht 

George I., Elector of Hanover, " Guelph '' becomes king 

of Great Britain J- 

THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK 

Louis XV., " The Well Beloved " 1715 

Mississippi colonized at Natchez l 

The Septennial Act J 

New Orleans founded ) „„„.. 

i 1717 
Conquest of Belgrade by Prince Eugene j 

Death of Charles XII. of Sweden/' Madman of the North" \ 

The Death of William Penn !■ 1718 

The Quadruple Alliance , ) 

The Death of Joseph Addison 1719 

The South-Sea Bubble exploded j 

Sir Robert Walpole created " Lord of the Treasur}*- ".... } 

Birth of Charles Edward Stuart, " The Young Pretender " \ 

PETER "THE GREAT" ASSUMES THE TITLE OF I 1721 

" EMPEROR OF ALL THE BUSSIAS" ) 

Death of the Duke of Marlborough (John Churchill) 1722 

Vermont colonized bj'the English -* 

Louis I. (a few months) i 

Expulsion of the Jesuits from China, and Christianity f 

proscribed, except at Canton J 

* " Perpetual separation of the crowns of France and Spain : acknowledgment of 
the Hanoverian succession in England : Dunkirk dismantled : England acquires from 
Spain, Minorca, Gibraltar, and the right of trading with its colonies ; from France, 
Newfoundland, Acadia and Hudson's Bay ; France renounces all right of trading with 
Spanish Colonies, signs a treaty of commerce with England and Holland, and acknow- 
ledges Prussia as a Kingdom." —Oxford Chronological Tables. 



I 1732 



CHART OP TIME. 131 

A.D. 
* The Death of Vaudreuil | 

Catherine I., widow of Peter " The Great " J 

M. de Beauharnois, Governor of N. France 1726 

Death of Sir Isaac Newton ^ 

The death of Bishop de St. Valier, successor of Laval V 1727 

George II ' 

M. de Mornay, third Bishop of New France ) -.yog 

Discovery of diamonds in Brazil ) 

North Carolina colonized separately. Division of the 

Carolinas 1729 

Pope Clement XII -\ 

Anne, niece of Peter " The Great " I 

Mahomet V., " Mahmud I " 

Unsuccessful revolt of the Janizaries 

Earthquake at Pekin, 180,000 perish (1730) 1731 

Birth of George Washington 

Charter granted by George II. to the colony of Georgia. 

Savannah (Georgia) founded by Oglethorpe 1 

Small-pox ravages New France [ -tnoo 

William Pitt "the elder " eaters Parliament f 

Frederick Augustus III., crowned by Kussian influence. . J 

John Wesley visits Georgia in America 1735 

Birth of James Watt, inventor of the double steam engine.^ 
Patent obtained by Jonathan Hulls for ideas on steam y 1736 

navigation J 

Conquest of Porto Bello 1739 

War of the Austrian Succession (Civil). 

Maria Theresa, daughter of Charles VI. of Germany I 

Frederick II., "The Great" \ 1740 

Ivan VI., " The Infant" J 

Elizabeth Petrowna, youngest daughter of Peter 1741 

Charles VII. of Bavaria (elected) 1742 

The Battle of Dettingen, the French army defeated ") 

Discovery of the Rocky Mountains by Verandiye J 

War between France and England i "™ e °™ French War" -j 

I " King George's War " [• 1744 
Death of Alexander Pope - ) 

* " Six French Governors died and were buried in Quebec— Samuel de Champlain, 
Count de Frontenac, M. de Mesy, De Callieres, Marquis de la Jonquiere, and Marquis d e 
Vaudreuil. Two English Governors— Lieut. Gen. Hope and the Duke of Richmond." 
—Picturesque Quebec, page 19— Note by J. M. LeMoine, 1882. 



132 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

A.D. 
Invasion of England by Charles Edward Stuart, "The ^ 

Young Pretender." (Prince Charlie) 

The Battle of Fontenoy, the British army defeated 

Louisburg captured by the Colonists under Sir Wm. 

Pepperell }■ 

Death of Dean (Jonathan) Swift, satirist 

Madame de Pompadour, mistress of Louis XV 

Francis I., husband of Maria Theresa , 

THE HOOSE OF LORRAINE > 

Battle of Culloden, the Young Pretender defeated \ 

The birth of Kosciusco I 1746 

Ferdinand VI., "The Wise" *. ) 

M. de Galissonniere, Governor of New France > 

* Francois Bigot, thirteenth and last Intendant of New (■ 1747 

France > ) 

f The Treaty of Aix-la Chapelle, Louisburg restored \ 1( _ , fi 

to France \ 

Halifax founded by 3,800 colonists from Great Britain... n 

M. de la Jonquiere governs New France I 

> 1749 
Unsuccessful revolution of the Wahabees (Arabian Fan a- ( 

tics) J 

Dom Joseph Emmanuel 1750 

Death of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and father of George III. 1751 

M. de Quesne, Governor of New France ^ 

Electricity obtained from the clouds by Benjamin Franklin y 1752 
The Gregorian Calendar published and adopted in Britain. ) 
George Washington despatched by Dinwiddie to demand } .-„ 

the removal of French forts from the Ohio Valley j 



*" In 1748, the evil genius of New France "La Pompadour's protf.gS" Francois Bigot, 
thirteenth and last Intendant, had landed at Quebec. Born in Guienne, of a family dis- 
tinguished at the bar, Bigot, prior to coming to Canada had occupied the high post of 
Intendant of Louisiana. In stature he was small— but well formed active — full of pluck — 
fond of display and pleasure— an inveterate gambler. 

Picturesque Quebec. Page 215 

t " At first between France and the maritime powers, who were weary of a war in 
which they bad no longer any direct interest : acceded to afterwards by the others. 
Mutual restitution of conquest by France and England (in America, India, &c.) — 
Dunkirk to remain fortified on the land side— the Pragmatic Sanction guaranteed— Don 
PhiUp receives Parma, Placenlia, Guastilla, with remainder to the junior Princes of 
Spain — the Asiento question with Britain settled by the treaty of Buen Retiro, 1750, by 
which Spain pays Britain £100,000 in full of all demands. " 

—Oxford Chronological Tables. 



CHART OP TIME. 



Conquest of Fort Necessity by DeVilliers. 

Death of Jumonville 

Osman III 



Benjamin Fr\nklin's Confederation, Philadelphia its 



133 
A.D. 



)■ 1754 



seat. 



Peace with the Iroquois " Six Nations " 

Lisbon destroyed by an earthquake..... -\ 

Expatriation of the Acadians for refusing to take the | 

oath of allegiance, etc )■ 

M. de Vaudreuil, Governor of New France I 

Defeat and death of General Braddock ' 

The Seven Years' War of Austria and Prussia >> 

The " Black Hole " in Calcutta, garrison suffocated ! 

General Montcalm and several meritorious officers come 

to New France 

Capture of Fort William Henry by Montcalm n 

Massacre at Fort William Henry by the French and | 

Indians )■ 

Death of Admiral Byng,shot for failing to relieve Minorca. 
Mustapha III 

iLouisbourg 
Frontenac 
Fort Duquesne 
Battle of the Plains of Abraham (Wolfe and Mont-*) 

calm) 

Conquest of Quebec by the British and Colonial troops* 

Death of Wolfe 

Death of Montcalm 

Birth of Robert Burns 

Charles III., King of Spain 

Battle of St Foye Road (Quebec) 

^Montreal surrendered by De Vaudreuil to Gen. Amherst 

George III. becomes King of Great Britain 

The Conquest of New France by Great Britain and her ' 

North American Colonies. 

END OF THE FRENCH DOMINATION IN CANADA. 



by the English and Co- 
lonists of Britain 



1755 



1756 



1757 



1758 



Y 1759 



1760 



*"De Vaudreuil, when the English were about to carry the place by storm, at onca 
capitulated on the best conditions Amherst could be induced to grant. * * * He, how 
ever, granted most of the conditions sought, but refused the honors of war." 

History of Canada by H. H. Miles, page 160. 



134 KEY TO LOVERIN'S 

A.D. 

Spain goes to war with Portugal -v 

Peter III. (six months) • Catherine II (• '1762 

"North Briton," published by John Wilkes ) 

General Murray, first Governor of the Province of Quebec >. 

* Peace op Paris, (France, Spain and England) i 

Peace of Hubertsburg, Germany and Prussia f *«'*«' 

NEW FRANCE CEDED TO GREAT BEITAIN J 

Francis Marie Arouet de Voltaire 

Benjamin Franklin sent to London to oppose taxation.... 

Stanislaus Paniatowski 

The Quebec Gazette published, " The first paper in f 

Canada " , i 

Chief Pontiac's conspiracy J 

Death of James Francis Edward Stuart, " The Old Pre-" 

tender " 

Joseph II., co-regent with his motber, Maria Theresa.. . 
f The Jesuits College of Quebec, appropriated for quarters ' 

and barracks for the troops 

The Stamp Act passed , 

Lord Dorchester (Sir Guy Carleton), Governor of Canada 

Revocation of the Stamp Act 

Duties laid upon Tea, Glass, Paper, &c, in the American 

colonies by Great Britain 1767 

Captain James Cook's first voyage >. 

James Watt obtains a patent for his Expansion Steam i 

Engine y 1768 

The Royal Academy op Arts, Sir Joshua Reynolds first I 

President J 

{Arthur Wellesley (Wellington) 
Napoleon Bonaparte 
Soult 

Clement XIY 

The American Colonies determine non-importation. 
(League) , 

* " At the Treaty of Paris France cedes Canada, Cape Breton, Grenada, Tobago, and 
other West India Islands: Senegal, etc., in Africa: and Minorca (restored) to England : — 
England restores to France, Pondicherry, Carical, etc., in the East Indies, a share in the 
Newfoundland fishery and the isle of Goree: to Spain, Havana, Trinidad and Manilla : — 
Spain cedes the Floridas to England ; receiving Louisiana from France (a transfer not 
made till 1769)." — Oxford Chronological Tables. 

t " It had been claimed as a 'Magazine for the army contractor's provisions on 14th 
November, 1760.' " — Picturesque Quebec, page 137 



[ 1766 



)■ 1769 



CHART OP TIME. 

Great Britain abolishes all duties except on tea 

Riots at Boston (Massacre) 

Birth of Walter Scott 

England obtains the Falkland Isles from Spain 

The first partition of Poland 

Tea thrown overboard at Boston, by the Colonists 

Papal Brief suppressing the Jesuits, by Clement XIV 

Louis XVI ^1 

Abdul Ahmed 

Declaration op Colonial Rights, at Philadelphia 

(First Continental Congress) 

* The Quebec Act. (Treaty favoring Catholics in 
Canada) 

r f Lexington 

Battles of-j Bunker Hill, General "Warren killed 

(.Quebec, J Montgomery killed 

Crown Point ) , , 

^captured 

Montreal j l 



135 
A.D. 

1770 

1771 

1772 
1773 



y 1774 



1775 



" * This Act is referred to and considered in its relation to Great Britain and Quebec 

as a grand stroke of national Policy. 

" Canadian Constitution — full toleration to Catholics." 

— Oxford Tables. 

" The Roman Catholic religion was established, and the whole body of the French 
Civil Law introduced. Quebec was in effect constituted a French Province, all the 
difference being that the Canadians had George III. instead of Louis XVI- for King. 
During the debate upon the Bill in the House of Commons, Charles Fox and Edmund 
Burke denounced it as a despotic measure that threatened the liberties of the English 
Colonies. " * * * The new Constitution, &c, &c. 

" The new Constitution was calculated to please the clergy and the mass of the people ; 
and if that Government is the best that gives contentment to the greatest number then 
the Quebec Act of 1774 may be considered a successful piece of legislation. " 

— Archer's Canada, page 244. 

" The English inhabitants were dissatisfied with it, and even petitioned against it. In 
this proceeding they were joined by people of the other English Colonies in America, who 
declared that the favor shown towards the Roman Catholics by the Quebec Act was 
contrary to the law of England. " 

— Dr. H. H. Miles, Canada, pages 172-73. 

t Italicized battles indicate American successes. 

% " In noticing characters whose signatures were attached to a memorial addressed to 
George III. asking for land in Quebec to build a Presbyterian Church, J. M. LeMoine 
give6 the following ; — " Another signature recalls days of strife and alarm : that of 
sturdy old Hugh McQuarters, the brave artillery sergeant who, at Pres-de- Ville on that 
momentous 31st of December, 1775, applied the match to the cannon which consigned to 
a snowy shroud Brigadier General Richard Montgomery, his two aides, McPherson and 
Cheeseman, and his brave but doomed followers, some eleven in all. " 

— Picturesque Quebec, 1882, page 100. 

" Old Hugh McQuarters lived in Champlain street, and closed his career there in 
1812. "—Idem. 



136 



KEY TO LOVcRIN S 



Battles of ^ 



Pope Pius VI 

Washington elected Commmander-in-chief by the Colo- 
nists 

Eevolution of the American Colonies 

The revolutionary war > 

f Charleston 

Long Island 

White Plains 

{Trenton 

Fort Washington captured 

The death of David Hume, the historian 

Publication of "Common Sense" by Thomas Paine 

THE AMERICAN COLONISTS DECLAEE INDEPEN 
DENCEOF GREAT BRITAIN 

{ Princeton % 

Bennington 

I Stillwater or Bemis Heights 
Battles of A j Brandywine 

Saratoga 

| Germantown 

Philadelphia j tured 

Ticonderoga ) 
Marquis de Lafayettte 
Baron von Steuben 
Kosciusko, Polish Officer 

Maria-Frances-Isabella and Dom Peter III 

American Flag adopted by Congress 

r Monmouth, " Captain Molly " Pitcher 

Battles of } Savannah 

(.Wyoming, Brant and the Tories 

Massacres of Wyoming and Cherry Valley 

Death of William Pitt, "Lord Chatham" 

Death of Voltaire 

American Independence recognized by France, in con. 
sequence of the efforts of Benjamin Franklin 

( Naval, between the Serapis and Bon Homme'} 
Richard, Paul Jones 
Battles of \ Stony Point 

j Briar Creek 

^ Savannah 



A.D. 



1776 



y 1777 



join 



the Colonists. 



y 1778 



CHART OF TIME. 

The Serapis by Paul Jones \ 

Stony Point >■ captured 

Verplank's Point ) 

Captain James Cook killed at Owhyhee Island 

Ten thousand of the United Empire Loyalists find homes 
in Canada 

! Hanging Rock, S. Carolina 
Camden, DeKalb mortally wounded — 
Kings Mountain 

Charleston captured by the British 

Major Andre" executed 

American Academy of Sciences founded at Boston... 

Arnold's conspiracy 

The Gordon Biots against popery 



\ 



137 
A.D. 

1779 



y 1780 



r The Coivpens, Tarleton defeated. 
' Guilford Court house 



Battles of .J 

1 Hobkirk's Hall 

^-Eutaw Springs 

Capture of Yorktown ; Cornwallis surrenders, with 

7000 men, to Washington and Bochambeau 

Watt patents his double steam-engine 

Papal jurisdiction abolished from Austria by Joseph II. 

Poyning's law repealed 

Birth of Daniel Webster >. 

George Washington resigns his commission I 

* Peace of Versailles, COLONIAL INHEPEN- [ 

DENCE OBTAINED J 

William Pitt, " The Younger," forms his first Ministry. "i 

American Congress ratifies the Treaty of Versailles j 

Warren Hastings deposed (India) 

Irish agitation in favor of Boman Catholics 

Frederick William II. ■) 

Maria I., of Portugal (alone) > 

The Cotton Plant introduced into Georgia ) 

Russo-Turkan war ^ 

Conquest of New South Wales, and Botany Bay (now I 

Sidney) settled. Captain Arthur Phillip first Governor. I 

* " Britain acknowledges the independence of tlie United States : restores Tobago to 
France and Florida to Spain." 

— Oxford Chronological Tables. 



17S1 

1782 
1783 

1784 
1785 

1786 



138 



KEY TO LOVERIN'S 




A.D. 
1787 



1788 



A Convention at Philadelphia signs and adopts the i 
* The New Constitution established, known as " THE )■ 
FEDERAL CONSTITUTION OF AMERICA." ] 

Delaware ~\ 

Pennsylvania gratify the new Constitution 

New Jersey 3 

Germano-Turkan war 

Death of Carles Edward Louis Casimir Stuart (the Young 
Pretender) 

Charles IV.... 

New Hampshire " 

Massachusetts 

Connecticut 

New- York 

Maryland 

Virginia 

South Carolina 

Georgia 

Civil war in France 

Conquest of Belgrade 

John Adams, First Vice President 

f George Washington unanimously elected and inaugu- 
rated " The First President " of the UNITED 
STATES OF AMERICA . 

Selim III V 

The Federal Constitution ratified, by the thirteen 
original States of the United States 



* " A Free Democracy — Government in a president and vice-president, elected for 
four years by universal suffrage — all legislative powers in congress, or two houses of 
representatives, chosen every two years by universal suffrage. Power in one Supreme 
Court appointed by Congress. Religion, no establishment, full toleration. Freedom ot 
the speech and of the press — trial by jury — right of every citizen to petition and bear 
arms." — Oxford Tables. 

t " On the 14th April, 1789, Washington received an official announcement that he had 
been unanimously elected president of the United States under the new Constitution. Two 
days afterwards he bade adieu to Mount Vernon and set out for New York, where Congress 
was in session. Official receptions, addresses, and triumphal arches, awaited him every 
"where on the route. On reaching the city he was received by Gov. Clinton and conducted 
with military honors, in the midst of a vast concourse, to a residence which was placed 
at his disposal. On the 30th of April, he was inaugurated, at Federal Hall, on the site 
of the present subtreasury. The oath of office was administered by Chancellor Livingston, 
on the balcony in front on the Hall, in the presence of a great multitude. Immediately 
after the ceremony, Washington proceeded to the senate-chamber and delivered an address 

replete with exalted sentiments." 

—United States, by G..P. Quackenbos, page 312. 



1789 



CHART OP TIME. 



139 

A.D 



Rhode Island j rat;f u Thfi New ConstitutionA .. 
North Carolina j 

The States General 

THE GREAT FRENCH REVOLUTION 

The Indian war (Little Turtle) 

Death of Benjamin Franklin 

Leopold II 

Thomas Paine's " Rights of Man" published 

Vermont admitted into the Union, New York i*eceiving- 

$30,000 

Death of John Wesley 

Dom John VI., regent of Portugal (1792) 

*The Society of United Irishmen instituted 

The Constitution of the 3rd May proclaimed in Poland... 
The Province of Quebec divided, into " UPPER AND 

LOWER CANADA " 

Confiscation of church property in France 

Francis II., (Francis I. of Austria only, 1804) 

Decree for the perpetual banishment of" the Bourbons". )■ 1792 
ROYALTY ABOLISHED AND FRANCE DECLARED 

A REPUBLIC 

The second partition of Poland 

Dr. Mountain created 1st Protestant Bishop of Canada 

Louis XVI. I executed 

Marie Antoinette (Queen) j 

Louis XVIL, died in prison 

Girondists proscribed ; the " Reign of Terror." , 

Lord McCarty seeks commercial relations with China. 

Society of United Irishmen, Wolf Tone (1791), about. 

Little York, " Toronto," founded 

Death of Edward Gibbon, historian 

The Indian war terminated by General Wayne 

End of the "Reign of Terror." 



1 

\ 1790 

i 

J 

1 

y 1791 

1 
I 
[ 

J 

I 
i 

y 1793 



1794 



* In the month of November during the year of 1791, the Society of United Irishmen 
was instituted in the City of Dublin for the purpose of forwarding a brotherhood of 
affection, a communion of rights and a union of power among Irishmen of every reli- 
gious persuasion, and thereby to obtain a complete reform in the Legislature, founded 
on principles of civil, political and religious liberty. Catholic emancipation and parlia- 
mentary reform were the avowed objects of their pursuit. 

— Kekney. 



140 



KEY TO LOVERIN's 



Invasion of German} 7 by France 

Battle of the Diamond (Ireland) 

The third and last partition of Poland between Russia, 

Germany and Austria 

"The Directory " (a wise governing body for France). 

* The Orange Society organized at Armagh 

Sir Robert Prescott, Governor of Canada 

Death of General Amherst 

The Death or Robert Burns, " Scotia's Bard" 

Paul I., Czar of Russia 

Lithograph}' invented by Sennefelder 

Battle of Cape St. Vincent; Spanish fleet defeated by 

Jarvis 

Battle of Camperdown, Admiral Duncan defeats the 

Dutch 

Conquest of Trinidad 

Death of Edmund Burke, " The Irish Orator" 

Frederick William III 

John Adams, second President of the United States 

Battle of the Nile, " Aboukir," French fleet defeated by 

Nelson 

f Carlow 1 

t, , +1 n \ Oulart Hill . T . , 

Battles of < _, ,, .. . > in Ireland 

Ballynahinch 

I Vinegar Hill J 

Death of Theobald, Wolf Tone, by suicide 

Discovery of Vaccination by Edward Jenner, M.D 

The Irish Rebellion 

Robert Shore Milnes, Lieutenant Governor of Canada... 

The death of George Washington 

The Directory deposed 

The Consulato established, and Napoleon Bonaparte first 

Consul 

Conquest of Malta 

Birth of George Bancroft, the American historian 



A.D. 



V 1795 



1 

)- 1796 



} 1797 



1798 



1 
I 
)■ 1799 

I 
J 

1 



* " The first Orange lodge was formed on the 21st of September, 1795, at the house 
of a man named Sloan, in the village of Loughall. The members pledged themselves, 
by the most solemn oath, to support and defend, to the utmost of their power, the 
king and his heirs, so long as he or they shall support the Protestant ascendancy." 

— Kerney. 



CHART OF TIME. 

Death of Jean Casot, the last Canadian Jesuit 

Pope Pius VII 

Washington City declared " the seat " of the American » 
Government 

r l he Jesuits' estates set apart to defray the cost of general 
education, and for the purpose of spreading the know- 
ledged and use of the English language in Canada 



CENTUKY 19 

The Tripolitan war with the United States 

The Battle of Alexandria ; Abercrombie defeats the 
French 

Copenhagen bombarded by Nelson 

Alexander I., Paul having been murdered 

Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States.. 

Ireland united to Great Britain in Parliament 

Treaty of peace between Portugal and France 

Ohio admitted to the Union ~\ 

The Concordat ' 

Peace of Amiens 3 

Battle of Assaye, Wellesley's first great victory (India)... ") 

Louisiana purchased prom France for $15,000,000 

Arthur Wellesley knighted for services in India 

Death ofEobert Emmet, because of his unsuccessful in- 
surrection in Ireland 

* Slavery abolished in Lower Canada 

Francis II., of Germany bocomes Francis I. of Austria... 

Napoleon Bonaparte crowned " Emperor of France." . ... 

FRANCE BECOMES AN EMPIRE 

The Battle op Trafalgar 

Death of Nelson 

The third coalition against France 

Peace with Tripoli and the United States 

Battles of ^ Jena - 



141 
A.D. 

1800 



y i8oi 



1802 



Y 1803 



1804 



1 

\ 1805 

J 



1 Auerstadt 



* " ' Slavery was not abolished in Lower Canada till 1803. In Upper Canada, as a sepa- 
rate Province, it hardly ever existed.' Quotation from M. Reade's contribution of the 
Neiv Dominion Monthly." — Picturesque Quebec, Leinoine, 1882, page 43. 



142 



KEY TO LOVERIN 8 



A.D. 



y 1806 



y 1807 



The Cape of Good Hope captured by the English.... 

The death of William Pitt, " Pitt the Younger " 

Death of Fox (Charles James), 1807 

The Berlin Decree 

The fourth coalition against France 

Confederation op the Ehine — Napoleon, Protector ... 
Portugal occupied by France, Dom John fleeing to 

Brazil 

Birth of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 

Sir James Craig, Governor of Canada 

Mustapha IV 

First Steamboat on the Hudson Eiver by Eobt- 

Fulton 

" Orders in Council " — Eesponse to the Berlin Decree 

The Peace ofTilsit 

Battle of Vimiera, Wellesley defeats Junot 

Ferdinand VI [., forced by Napoleon to resign 1 1808 

Mahomet VI i 

The Treaty of Bayonne > 

The Battle of Talavera, Wellington defeats Victor .. 

Battle ofCorrunna, Sir John Moore killed 

t,. ,, -f Alfred Tennyson 

Births of ] j 11 n i 

(.Oliver Wendell Holmes 

James Madison, fourth President of the United States... y 
First Steamboat, " The Accommodation," on the St. 

Lawrence, by John Molson 

A decree from the Senate divorcing Napoleon from Jose- 
phine 

The Battle of Busaco, Wellington repulses Massena i 

Maria Louisa, of Austria, becomes the Empress of France ) 
-r- . n J Fuentes de Onoro, Massena's second defeat, n 

1 Albuera, Beresford defeats Soult 

Bequest of the Burnside Estate and £10,000 by the Hon 
James McGill, to "the Eoyal Institution for the Ad- 
vancement of Learning" 

Birth of Napoleon, Francis, Charles, Joseph Bonaparte 

"Napoleon II." King of France 

Sir George Prevo.it, Governor of Canada 



1809 



1810 



)■ 1811 



CHART OF TIME. 

* the war op 1812 (England and United States) ^ 

June 12th, Isle aux Noix 

July 1st, Raid on Plattsburg 

" 6th, Amherstburg 

" 17th, Fort Mackinaw 

" 29th, Near Amherstburg 

August 9th, Detroit 

" 16th, Detroit captured, "Hull's sur- 
render " 

September 29th, Gananoque 

October 4th, Ogdensburg ' 

" 9th, Brigs; Detroit and Caledonia 

" 13th, Queenstown Heights, General 

Brock killed 

October 23rd, St. Regis 

November 20th, Kingston bombardment 

" 20th, Lacolle 

" 23rd, Salmon River post conquered. 

" 27 th, Fort Chippewa 

Louisiana becomes a State 

Moscow destroyed by fire , 

Birth of Charles Dickens 

Death of General Brock 

Chinese edict against Christianity 

Peace of Bucharest (Russia and Turkey) 

Vittoria, Wellington defeats King Joseph 

Leipzig, Napoleon defeated by the Allied 

Powers 

January 19th, skirmishing on Raisin River.... 

February 6th, Brockville , 

" 22nd, Ogdensburg (captured).... 

April 27th, Toronto (York) 

May 5th, Fort Meigs (captured) 

" 27th, Fort George (taken) 

" " Sackett's Harbor 

June 5th, Stoney Creek 



143 
A.D. 



)■ 1812 



'■ American successes are italicized. 



144 



KEY TO LOVERIN S 



A.D. 



June 8th, Provisions depot captured near ' 
Stoney Creek 

" 19th, Provisions depot captured at Sodas 

" 24th, Beaver Dam 

July 4th, Chippewa \ Battles. 

" 11th, Niagara River 

" 21st, Military train captured near the 
Thousand Islands 

" 25th, Fort Meigs 

" 31st, Burlington Heights 

Sept. 10th, Put in the Bay, Perry's Victory 
(naval) 

" 29th, Old Town 

Oct. ord, Four Corners 

" 5th, Thames (Tecumseh killed) 

" 2t5th. Chateauguay 

Nov. 11th, Chrisler's Farm 

Dec. 12th, Burning of Niagara Village 

" 1 8 1 b , Forts Niagara and Lewiston cap- 
tured 

" 29th, Fort Erie taken 

The Fort Minis massacre by the Creeks under Tecumseh 

Birth of Otto Bismark, Schonhausen .. 

Ferdinand VII., restored to Spain 

Sixth and last great coalition against France 

March 15th, Burtonville. " 

" 27th, Horse Shoe Band (Tohopeka) 

May 6th, Oswego captured 

" 31st, Sackett's Harbor 

July 3rd, Fort Erie captured 

" 5th, Chippewa 

" 19th, Prairie du Chien 

" 25th, Lundys Lane (?) 

" " St. David's Village burned 

Augt. 4th, Michillimackinack 

" 14th, Fort Erie 

Sept. 5th, the Tigress and Scorpion captured 
near Mackinaw 

" 11th, Plattsburg and Lake Chaniplain 



y 1813 



)■ Battles... 



y 1814 



CHART OF TIME. 

Sept. 13th, Fort McHenry bombarded * I 

" 17th, near Fort Erie J 

Washington captured and burned by the British, Aug. 24th 

Louis XVIII : 

Order of the Jesuits readmitted to France 

Peace of Ghent 

The right of Great Britain to New Zealand recognized.... 

Ferd i n and VII . restored 

The Bourbon Dynasty restored to France. . 

Jan. Sth, New Orleans, Packingham defeated. 

Waterloo, Napoleon's final overthrow 

Marshal Ney executed 

The Treaty of Ghent ratified by United States Congress. 

Congress of Vienna 

The Germanic Confederation (League) 

Indiana admitted to the Union 

Sir John Sherbrooke, Governor General of Canada 

DomJohn VI., previously regent 

Common Schools established in Canada 

The United States Bank incorporated, $35,000,000 cap'l. 

Mississippi becomes a State (admitted) 

Death of Kosciusko. 

James Monroe, fifth President of the United States 

fThe commencement of the construction of the Erie Canal J 

Illinois admitted 

The Duke of Bichmond, Governor General of Canada %... 
Steamboats introduced on the Ottawa 



145 
A.D. 



Battles., "j 



1815 



1 
i 

! 

y 1816 



y 1817 



1818 



* During this engagement "The Star Spangled Banner" was composed by Francis S. 
Key, and is now the National Song of the United States. 

"Mrs. Margaret Sanderson, who made the flag for Fort McHenry which inspired Key to 
write ' The Star Spangled Banner,' died in New York on Saturday, aged 85." 

— Montreal Witness, July 31st, 1882. 

t " Under the auspices of DeWitt Clinton and other public-spirited men, a bill was 
passed by the Legislature of that State, authorizing the construction of a canal 363 miles 
long to connect Lake Erie at Buffalo with Hudson at Albany. The work was commenced 
jn July, 1817, and was not completed till the summer of 1825. * * * and originally cost 
87,602,000." Quackenbos. 

t " His son-in-law, Sir Peregrine Maitland, having been appointed lieutenant-governor 
of the Western Province." Jkffbks. 



146 



KEY TO LOVERIN S 



::1 



Death of 



A.D. 



1819 



► 1820 



y 1821 



Alabama admitted 

Birth of Victoria 

Death of Blucher (Gebhard) 

Dealh of the Duke of .Richmond from hydrophobia 

The First Steamer " The Savannah," crosses the Atlantic 

Florida purchased from Spain \ 

Maine admitted, taken from Massachusetts 

Lord Dalhousie, Governor General of Canada 

Death of Edward, Duke of Kent, father of Victoria 

Duke de Berry, assassinated 

George IV. becomes the King of Great Britain and Ireland 

The Missouri Compromise, drawn up by Henry Clay 

The Cato Street conspiracy 

Missouri admitted into the Union ") 

Death of Napoleon I., "The Great," at St. Helena j 

Dom John returns to Portugal 

Construction of the Lachine canal begun 

Congress confirms the Missouri compromise 

Peace in Spain, by change of the ministry J 

Pirates driven from the Florida coast by Com. Porter 

Pope Leo XII 

Death of Lord Byron (George Gordon) 

* LaFaj^ette visits the United States 

Charles X. succeeds to the throne of France 

f Bishop Plessis, Koman Catholic 

(Bishop Mountain, Anglican 

John Quincy Adams, sixth President 

Nicholas I. of Eussia 

The Russo-Persian war 

Destructive fire at Constantinople, 6,000 houses burned. 

Death of-j j ff -j (ex-Presidents) > July 4th 

Peter IV. (Dom Pedro) prefers Brazil and abdicates 

Donna Maria II., " de Gloria," Queen of Portugal 

Abolition of the Janissaries 

Battle of Navarino, Turco-Egyptian fleet destroyed 

Eideau canal begun by Col. John By ; First Stone laid 
by Sir John Franklin | 

* The United States Congress voted $200,000 and a township of land in Florida to the 
Marquis de La Fayette for services rendered in the Revolutionary war. 



1823 
1824 

1825 



y 1826 

I 

I 

i 

J 
1 



CHART OF TIME. 

McGill and Toronto Universities founded 

Montreal Natural History Society established 

London Treaty between England, Eussia and France in 

favor of Greece 

Don Miguel, usurper 

Test and Corporation Acts repealed 

Noah Webster's Dictionary published 

Peace between Russia and Persia 

Pope Pio Octo (Pius VIII.) >> 

Sir James Kempt succeeds Earl Dalhousie I 

Andrew Jackson, "Old Hickory," seventh President f 

Roman Catholic Emancipation Act passed, Dan O'Connell ) 

Death of William Huskisson by accident 

William IV. succeeds to the British throne 

Louis Philippe, House of Orleans, becomes king 

Railroad opened between Liverpool and Manchester . . 

Revolution in France, expulsion of Charles X 

Unsuccessful revolution of the Poles at Warsaw 

Cholera throughout Europe 

Chicago Founded or Settled 

Lord John Russell introduces the Reform Bill 

Black Hawk war, Osceola 

Cholera in Canada 



147 
A.D. 

1827 



1828 



1829 



1830 



D th of i Napoleon II. at Schonbrunn 
1 Sir Walter Scott 



The Reform Bill passed 

Victoria College founded 

Slavery abolished from the Colonies, £20,000,000 beings 

paid as recompense to owners of slaves 

Isabella II. ascends the Spanish throne , 

Donna Maria restored \. 

Jackson commands the United States bank deposits to 

be removed 

Treaty abolishing slavery from all British Colonies 

The death of LaFayette 

Slavery expunged from all British possessions J 

The " 92 Resolutions ", embodying Canadian grievances J 
Free Trade treaty with China _... J 



1831 



1832 



1833 



1 



1834 



148 



KEY TO LOVERIN S 



A legacy of £1 00,000 bequeathed to the United States by 
James Smithson "for the general diffusion of know- 
ledge among men ". 

Great fire in New York ; 529 houses and $18,000,000 worth 
of property consumed 

The Dade massacre by the Seminoles, under Osceola 

Ferdinand IV 

Electric Telegraph model completed by S. F. B. Morse.... 

Arkansas admitted 

Sir Francis B. Head, Governor of Canada 

Michigan admitted to the Union 

Lieutenant Weir murdered 

Martin VanBuren, eighth President of the U. S 

Victoria becomes " Queen of Great Britain and Ireland." 

The Electric telegraph patented by Morse 

Chicago incorporated (March 4th) 

Rebellion in Canada 

John George Lambton, " Earl of Durham, " Governor 
General of Canada 

Marshal Soult present at the crowning of Victoria 

* Chartists' Rebellion 

Charles Poulett Thompson, "Lord Sydenham," Governor 
of Canada 

Rev'd. John Strachan, 1st Bishop (Protestant) of Upper 
Canada 

Abdul Medjid becomes Sultan of Turkey 

Gold discovered in Australia by Count Strzelecki , 

M.Thiers, Minister of Foreign affairs 

Frederick William IV 

Act of Union of the Provinces of Upper and Lower 
Canada, passed by theParliament 



A.D. 



y 1835 



1836 



1837 



y 1839 



1838 



1840 



* The Chartists endeavored to obtain more influence in the Government by petitioning 
he Parliament of Great Britain, demanding in their, " the People's," Charter the follow- 
ing six points : 1st. Universal suffrage; 2nd. Vote by Ballot ; 3rd. Annual Parliaments ; 
4th. Payment of Members ; 5th. The abolition of the property qualifications; and, 6th. 
Equal Electoral Districts. They are said to have been dispersed in the following year. 
In 1848 another demonstration was made by the chartists. They were, however, so 
promptly opposed (150,000 police specials, among whom was the late Louis Napoleon III., 
immediately marching again them) that, after a few slight encounters, their " Monster 
Petition, in detached rolls, was sent to the House of Commons." Haydn. 



CHART OF TIME. 



149 

A.D 



Birth of Albert, Prince of Wales ") 

William Henry Harrison, ninth President I 

John Tyler, tenth President of the United States 

Sewing Machine patented by Elias Howe 

UNION OF THE TWO CAN ADAS {Responsible Govern- j 

ment) J 

Sir Charles Bagot, Governor of Canada 

* Ash burton Treaty 

Peace of Nankin 

Sir Charles T. Metcalfe, Governor General of Canada 

Death of Bobert Southej 

The Young Men's Christian Association, instituted by-. 

George Williams, London, England I 

Canadian Parliament removed from Kingston to Montreal y 

Dr. Eyerson appointed Superintendent of Education I 

X The first telegram, from Baltimore to Washington — > 

I admitted to the Union ...I 

Texas j 

Great fire at Quebec 

Birth of the Grand Duke Alexander of Bussia J> 1845 

Earl Cathcart, Governor General of Canada 

Death of Thomas (Tom) Hood 

James K. Polk, eleventh President 

War declared against Mexico by the United States " 

Palo Alto ,.. 

Eesaca S*B 

Monteroy 



\ 1841 



1842 



184; 



1844 



* " One of these (important public interests) was the settlement of a boundary line on 
the north-east, between the possessions of Great Britain and the United States. War 
was at one time threatened ; but the excitement that pervaded the country, particularly 
those parts of Maine and New Brunswick which bordered on the disputed line, was set 
at rest by a treaty made by Lord Ashburton and Daniel Webster on the parts of their 
respective countries, and ratified by the Senate, August 20th, 1842." 

— Quackenbos History United States, p. 415. 

% " The announcement of Polk's nomination was the first news ever sent by Magnetic 
Telegraph. It was transmitted from Baltimore to Washington, May 29th, 1844, over a 
line built with $30,000 appropriated by Congress to test Professor Morse's invention. 
This was the grandest event of this administration, and has largely influenced the 
civilization and prosperity of the country. Thus the steamboat and the Magnetic 
Telegraph were the first fruits of American liberty and industry." 

Barnes' United States History, Note, p. 184. 



150 



KEY TO LOVERIN S 



Iowa admitted to the Union 

The Irish Famine 

PioNino (Pius IX.) • 

Smithsonian Institute established — 

* Treaty establishing the N. W. Boundary at 49° North 
Latitude between Great Britain and the United States- _ 

Buena Vista 1 

Vera Cruz J 

Cero Gordo (Sierra Gorda) ^Battles... 

Molino del Ray i 



A.D. 

1846 



J 



Chapultepec 

Conquest of Mexico, General Seott 

Lord Elgin, Governor General of Canada 

! Daniel O'Connell 
Sir John Franklin 
Doctor Chalmers 

Gold discovered at Sutter's Mill, California, (1848). 
Wisconsin admitted into the Union 



Y 1847 



V 1849 



( Bishop Maut, theologian and poet 

Deaths of j Q eorge Stephenson, "Father of Railways." 

Francis Joseph )■ 1848 

Revolution; expulsion of Louis Philippe 

Peace of the Mexico-American war - 

FRANCE AGAIN A REPUBLIC 

Burning of the Parliament buildings and library at"] 

Montreal by rioters 

General Zachary Taylor, twelfth President 

Rkbellion-Loss-Bill passed 

Riot at Montreal, Lord Elgin disgracefully assaulted in 

the streets by the mob 

California admitted into the Union 

Alfred Tennyson becomes Poet Laureate of England 

r Sir Robert Peel 

Deaths of < T , n n i. 

[ John C. Calhoun 

Millard Fillmore, thirteenth President 

Omnibus Bill of Henry Clay. "Mutual concession and 

compromise." 



} 1850 



*By this treaty Great Britain became possessed of Vancouver's Island and the free 
navigation of the Columbia River. 



CHART OF TIME. 

Library of the United States Congress burned 

Death of Marshal Soult 

Electric Submarine Telegraph between Eng. and France. 

Exhibition at London, Prince Albert 

Announcement of the discovery of Gold in Australia by 

E. H. Hargraves 

Coup d'Etat 

Great fire at Montreal, Canada 

f Tom Moore, the Irish poet 

J The Duke of Wellington 

\ Daniel Webster . 

I Henry Clay 

Napoleon III. declared Emperor of France 

Laval University chartered 

FEANCE AGAIN AN EMPIEE 

The Eusso-Turkan War (Crimean) 

Dr. Kane makes a second journey to the Arctic region 

in search of Sir John Franklin 

Franklin Pierce, fourteenth President 

Dom Peter (Pedro) V . 

The World's Fair at New York 

Alma ~\ 

Balaclava (-Battles... 

Inkermann J 

Cholera in Canada 

Sir Edmund Head, Governor of Canada 

Miss Florence Nightingale arrives at Scutari [ 

Seignioral tenure abolished from Canada 

Commercial relations between England and Japan 

Commodore Perry, for the United States, makes a treaty I 

with Japan ' 

Capitulation of Kara s 

Earthquake at Yeddo, Japan, 30,000 destroyed 

Death of Lord Raglan . 

Alexander II. succeeds his late father Nicholas f 

Austria, by permission of the Allies, proposes peace to the 

Eussias at St. Petersburg J 

Birth of the Imperial Prince Napoleon 

Peace between Eussia and Turkey, concluded at Paris 



:} 



151 
A.D. 



1851 



1852 



> 1853 



1854 



1855 



18 5 



152 



KEY TO LOVERIN'S 



Chinese fleet destroyed by Commodore Elliott N 

The Cawnpore massacre by Nana Sahib (India) 

Birth of Alphonso, Prince of Asturias 

Sir Colin Campbell marches to Cawnpore k . 

James Buchanan inaugurated fifteenth President I 

Normal Schools established in the Province of Quebec... J 

Belief of Lucknow -\ 

Nana Sahib defeated at Jorway Pass by Sir Hope Grant, I 

Atlantic Cable laid between Europe and America 

Decimal currency introduced into Canada I 

Ottawa declared The Capital of Canada by the Queen... ' 

Victoria assumes the Government of India 

Orsini plots to assassinate Napoleon III 

Peace Treaty of Tien Tsin, signed by Lord Elgin 

The Franco-Austrian war 

The battle of Solferino, Austria defeated ... 

Oregon admitted a State of the Union 

Birth of Frederick William, " Crown Prince " 

Death of Washington Irving 

John Brown's insurrection and death at Harper's Ferry. 

The peace of Villa Franca 

China invaded by England and France. 

Garibaldi salutes Victor Emmanuel "King of Italy.".... 

Death of Je'rome Bonaparte 

* Completion and inauguration of the Victoria Bridge 

by Albert Edward, Prince of Wales 

The Japanese Embassy visit America 

Eebellion in South Carolina. 

Treaty of Tien Tsin ratified at Pekin 

f CIVIL WAR in the United States (North against ^ 
the South. Freedom versus Slavery) | 



A.D. 



)■ 1857 



1858 



Y 1859 



1860 



* Dr. Miles in his School History, says : "A vast platform had been constructed, stand- 
ing upon which the Prince then performed the ceremony of placing the last stone which 
crowns the arch of the grand entrance to the bridge. Proceeding next to the middle ot 
the bridge, he inserted with his own hand the last of the million bolts or rivets by which 
the plates of the enormous tubes ware fastened together." 



t The successes of the South are in italics. 



)■ Battles. 



CHART OF TIME. 

Philippi 

Big Bethel 

Boonsville 

Carthage 

Rich Mountain 

Carrick's Ford 

Bull Run ' Panic.' 

Wilson's Creek 

Carnifex Ferry 

Lexington , 

Ball's Bluff , 

Belmont 

Dranesville 

Kansas admitted to the Union 

Lord Monck becomes Governor of Canada 

Death of Prince Albert... 

Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth President 

Abdul Aziz, Sultan of Turkey 

Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy, by consentof Parliament 

Dom Louiz, King of Portugal 

* The Teleharmoniphone constructed by Philip Reiss 

of Friederichsdorf 

Lincoln issues a proclamation for 75,000 men, and soon 

after for an additional 82,000 

Russia decrees the emancipation of 23 millions of serfs. 
The United States Congress return Mason and Slidell . 



153 

A.D. 



T 



1861 



Will Spring '. 

Fort Donelson 

Pea Ridge 

The Ram " Alerrimac" sinks the Cumberland. 

The Monitor defeats the Merrimac 

Shiloh 

Williamsbunr 

Fair Oaks (Seven Pines) 

Cedar Mountain 



1 



* " The earliest experiments in the production of musical sounds, at a distance, by 
means of electromagnetism appear to have been made by Philip Reiss of Friederichs- 
dorf Germany."— George B. Prescott, page 9. 



154 



KEY TO LOVERIN'S 



\ Battles. 



Second Bull Run 

Richmond 

Chantilly 

South Mountain 

Harper's Ferry 

Antietam (Sharpsburg) 

luka 

Corinth 

Perry ville 

Fredericksburg 

Murfreesboro 

Bismark becomes Minister of Foreign Affairs 

Lincoln proclaims for 300,000 men 

Russia celebrates her thousandth anniversary 

Port Gibson 

Chancellorville, Stonewall Jackson fatally wounded 

Raymond ^ 

Jackson 

Champion's Hill 

Big Bethel River 

Gettysburg (?) 

Confederates defeated at Helene 

Morgan defeated 

Sabine Pass , 

Chickamauga 

Lookout Mountain 

Missionary Ridge 

Chatanooga 

West Virginia admitted to the Union 

Prince Satsuma of Japan accedes to the demands of the 
English, French and American naval commanders, 
paying £25,000, his share of damages to their vessels 
done at the straits of Simonosaki 

LINCOLN PROCLAIMS FREEDOM TO THE 
SLAVES 

Insurrection at Warsaw (Poland)....; 

Slavery abolished from the United States of America 

Olustee, Fla ^ 

Cane River, La | 



A.D. 



1862 



Battles. 



\ 1863 



y Battles. 



CHART OF TIME. 

Mansfield, La 

Pleasant Hill, La 

Fort Pillow, Ten. (massacre) 

The Wilderness, V& 

Spottsylvania Va 

Eesaca, La •• 

New Market, Va 

Dallas Ga 

The Kearsage sinks the Alabama (naval) 

Cold Harbor, Va 

Lost Mountain, Ga 

Kenesaw Mountain, Ga 

Monocoey, Md 

Atlanta, Ga 

Union assault repulsed at Petersburg, Va 

Mobile Bay, Ala 

Janesboro, Ga 

Winchester, Va 

Fisher's Hill, Va 

Chapin's Bluff, Va j 

Cedar Creek, Va 

St. Alban's raid from Canada, Vt 

Bam Albemarle sunk (naval) 

Franklin Tenn 

Fort Fisher bombarded 

Nashville, Tenn 

Nevada admitted to the Union 

Ulysses S. Grant, raised to Lieutenant General ; 200,000 
and 500,000 men called by President Lincoln 



1 



Battles. 



Moor's Cross Road, N. C 

Averysboro, K. C 

Bentonville, N. C , 

Big Five Forks, Va 

Fort Fisher, N. C 

Columbia, S. C 

Charleston, S. C 

Petersburg, Va 

Bichmond, Va 

Lee's Army j over Fort 

Johnston's Army | Sumpter 



captured 
and the 

Union 
Flag 

raised 



155 
A.D. 



> 1864 



156 



KEY TO LOVERIN 8 



Arkansas 

Alabama 
Florida 
Georgia 
Louisiana 
North Carolina 
South Carolina 



}► restored to the Union. 



J 



£150,000, balance of £500,000, given the London poor at^ 
three-several times by George Peabody, also various | 



A.D. 

1865 



Jefferson Davis | 

The Southern Confederacy J 

Cholera at Constantinople 

Death of Lord Palmerston (Henry John Temple) 

President Lincoln assassinated by Wilkes Booth 

Lincoln reinaugurated 

Andrew Johnson, seventeenth President 

Conditional Amnesty proclaimed 

Peace of the long and bloody American Civil war j 

Prusso-Austrian war, " Seven Weeks War " 

Tennessee restored -to the Union 

The Freed man's Bureau -\ . ... . . _, . . , 

mu r<- -i r>- i i ' bills passed over the President s 

The Civil Eights ^ ' y 1866 

The Tenure of Office ) Vel ° 

Peace between Prussia and Austria, the latter having 

been defeated j 

The U. States purchase Eussian America for $7,200,000 

Nebraska admitted to the Union 

Lord Monck first Viceroy 

Exhibition at Paris, France 
New Parliament at Ottawa 
British North American Act 
Confederation of the Provinces of Canada 

THE DOMINION OF CANADA ESTABLISHED J 

Lord Lisgar, Sir John Young, Viceroy of Canada > 

!Lord Brougham 
Hon. Thos. D'Arcy McGee, assassinated at 
Ottawa 

Unconditional amnesty to all Secessionists of the U. S.... 
The " Fourteenth Amendment " ratified 



Y 1867 



y 1868 



CHART OP TIME. 

large sums to the United States for educational purposes. 

Ulysses S. Grant, eighteenth President of the U. S 

The Pacific Railroad opened up 

THE TWENTY- FIRST (ECUMENICAL COUNCIL .... 

The Fran co-Prussian war 

The Tien Tsin massacre, French consul, priests, nuns 

and even native christians slaughtered 

Death of the Earl of Clarendon 

Amadeo I., King of Spain 

Mississippi, Virginia and Texas restored 

The " Fifteenth Amendment " proclaimed a part of the 

Constitution, with power to enforce it 

The Dogma op Infallibility promulgated 

Franco-Prussian war continued 

Chicago burned, $196,000,000 and 200 lives lost 

King William of Prussia becomes Emperor of ail Germany 
The Treaty of Washington, agreeing to arbitration on the 

Alabama claims 

Peace between France and Prussia, signed at Frankfort. 

France becomes a republic, M. Thiers, President 

HOUSE OF HOHENZOLLERN— Germany united 

The U. States receive the award of damages, $15,500,000 
in gold, for settlement of the Alabama claims, &c 

Great fire in Boston, $80,000,000 lost 

r W. H.Seward 

Deaths of ) Horace Greeley 

( William Bresee Morse 

Lord Dufferin, Sir Frederick Temple, Viceroy of Canada. 

First Railway from Yokohoma to Shinagawa 

A distinguished embassy from Japan visits America and 
England 



Y 



Credit Mobilier frauds (loss) 

Assassination of Peace Commissioners by the Modocs 

{Napoleon III. at Chiselhurst 
Hon. Chief Justice Chase 
Edward Bulwer Lytton 

MacMahon succeeds Thiers 

Exhibition at Vienna 



157 
A.D. 
1869 



y 1870 



Y 1871 



1872 



Y 1873 



158 



KEY TO LOYERIN 8 



A.D. 



Franco-German Treaty; Germans, on payment of indem- 
nity, to leave France 

SPAIN BECOMES A REPUBLIC, Amadeo abdicating. 

Death of Senator Sumner 

Alphonzo XII. of Asturias elected King of Spain 

Eiots in New Orleans ; 26 persons killed 

Disraeli purchases the controlling interest of the Suez 
Canal, for £4,000,000 

Colorado admitted to the Union 

Elisha Gray patents an invention for transmitting mu- 
sical sounds ; 

The death of Guizot 

Murad Effendi deposed 

Abdul Hamid II 

The Teleharmoniphone by Elisha Gray 

The Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia 

Queen Victoria, by Parliament, declared " Empress of 
India." , 

Abdul Aziz deposed 

Victoria assumes the title of Empress of India 

Rutherford B. Hayes, nineteenth President 

* Telephone, by Elisha Gray and Alex. Graham Bellf.... 

The Marquis of Lome, Viceroy of Canada ; accom- 
panied by Her Roj^al Highness, the Princess Louise... 

Pope Leo XIII 

Humbert I. King of Italy 

J Electric Light, by Thomas Alva Edison 

Death of the " Prince Imperial" in Africa 

Death of William Cullen Bryant 

Expulsion of the Jesuits from France 



1874 



1875 



\ 1876 



1877 



\ 1878 

I 

J 



1879 
1880 



* Professor Elisha Gray of Chicago patented an invention for transmitting musicaj 
sounds telegraphically, July 27th, 1875. Feb. 14th, 1876, he filed a specification for an 
" invention to transmit tones of the human voice through a telegraphic circuit and to 
reproduce them so that actual conversations can be carried on at long distances apart." 

t In 1876, Feb. 14th (the same day), Professor Alexander Graham Bell, of Salem, Massa- 
chusetts, " invented a certain new and useful improvement in telegraphy — Telephone. In 
1875 he had patented (April 6th) an apparatus for transmitting two or more telegraphic 
signals simultaneously along a single wire " — multiple telegraphy. 

\ Edison's patent is dated Wednesday, Oct. 23rd, 1878, on the face of which is the follow- 
ing : " Method of and means for developing electric currents and lighting by Electri- 
city." 



Assassination of 



I 



CHART OF TIME. 

Alexander II. of Russia 
President Garfield , 



Death of 



f Thomas Carlyle , 

I Benjamin D'Israeli " Lord Beaconsfield " 



159 
A.D. 



y i88i 



Alexander III. of Russia 

General James Abram Garfield, twentieth President 

General Chester A. Arthur, twenty-first President 

Bombardment of Alexandria by England 

Assassination of Lord Frederick Cavendish and Thomas 

Henry Burke in Phcenix Park, Dublin 

f Henry Wadsworth Longfellow * 

| Doctor Ryerson 

Death of \ Doctor Darwin 

Ralph Waldo Emerson * 

General Garibaldi, "the Liberator" atCaprera 
The Royal Canadian Society instituted, Marquis of Lome, 

its founder and patron 

Cetewayo restored as King of the Zulus 



► 1882 



It will be observed by those who examine the foregoing facts 
that their order of registration does not represent them in the 
role of cause and effect. A close attention to the construction of 
the years of the Chart and the meaning of the symbols, will give 
all the necessary light that this apparent peculiarity need require. 
It may not be amiss, however, to state that the circumstances of 
history have been arranged thus : the fact or facts belonging to 
the first compartment of the year (represented by the square, 
half square and cross) are first mentioned ; those of the second 
compartiment, next ; and so on in numerical order for any year 
under consideration : then follows the remarkable event, having 



* At the literary reception given Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe on the celebration of her 
seventieth birthday, by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., among other good things the 
following may be found in the remarks that fell from the lips of Mr. Houghton : " We 
have met two or three times, as it were, within the last few years to set up mile-stones 
in the lives of some of those who are justly esteemed as the creators of American litera- 
ture. On this occasion one thought oppresses us all. Two of the most eminent, whose 
grace and benignity cheered and exalted our former gatherings, are with us in bodily 
presence no more. The voice of our beloved Longfellow is hushed, but the cadence of 
his sweet songs will vibrate in our memories while life lasts. We shall never look 
again upon the benign countenance of our revered Emerson, but his precepts are 
written, as with the point of a diamond, upon our hearts." 



160 



KEY TO LOVERIltt's CHART OF TIME. 



no reference to any one compartment more than another, and 
generall}' found written in capitals. 

It will also be noticed, that some of the facts are not marked 
upon the Chart ; as, for instance, where several battles or 
other circumstances belong to the one compartment of the 
same date. They, nevertheless, have been written in the key 
opposite where they belong, so that they may be remembered by 
association, a faculty most worthy of cultivation. 




PERIODS AND EPOCHS 

OP 

HISTORY. 



* The PERIOD of a history includes the whole time of its 
existence as recognized by historians, from beginning to ending 
or up to the present ; and the great facts that are known to 
have occurred after seated intervals, noted for their special im- 
portance in reference to the particular history under considera- 
tion, are called EPOCHS. 

In the following pages a very brief synopsis of the history men- 
tioned will be succeeded by a tabular arrangement of its Periods 
and Epochs specially adapted to the foregoing, during the examin. 
ation of which it is well to have the Charts of Time and Place 
suspended where the eye can at any moment utilize them. 

A careful study of these, as represented upon the Chart of 
Time, will familiarize the mind with facts in their proper order 
as they happened, each bearing its date and the country to which 
it belongs, through the respective faculties of localization and 

RECOGNITION OF COLOR. 

The " two eyes of history" are thus concertingly brought into 
requisition, one acting upon the map of place, " GEOGRAPHY, " 
while the other with equal advantage is occupied with the more 
accurate map of time, "CHRONOLOGY." 

Exercises regularly and prudently conducted by a good and 
careful instructor will prove not only attractive but of great 
value to pupils of all ages ; causing the periods, epochs and events 
of history to be intelligibly symbolized and indelibly fixed upon 
the tablet of the memory. 

Contemporaneous circumstances not marked on the Chart can 
of course, be recognized; and, by association, their remembrance 
is encouraged and secured. 



* The portions of time between the Epochs are also very properly eallod Feriodi. 

K 



162 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 

THE UNIVERSE. 

The world is not a matter of conjecture, bat an incontrovertible 
fact that unmistakably impresses itself upon the senses of the 
human family. When it was brought into being cannot be 
exactly indicated, any more than can be satisfactorily answered 
the thousand and one questions which thinking men are apt to put 
concerning it. 

The subject is one, however, that may be profitably pondered 
by our wisest philosophers to the disadvantage of none. In this 
we think Deity, the God of the Universe, its Maker, can be recog- 
nized ; more especially if we consider and remember that His 
existence is not less a truth than that of His works. 

AGES of AGES have passed away since the Creation, and while 
no one has revealed to us its date, many have professed so to do, 
not even neglecting to include the months, or parts of an additional 
year (see pages 44, 45, 46 and 47), and have left us in possession 
of figures which are the more curious as our knowledge of the 
earth and its surroundings increases. 

The period of the existence of the world extends from the Crea- 
tion, B. C. 4004 according to the Holy Bible, to the present, A.D. 
1882 ; during which there were many epochs (see page 11), the 
most important being the Creation, the Deluge, the Nativity of 
Christ, etc., etc., which may be tabulated thus : 

B.C. A.M- 

Epoch 1st, the Creation 4004. 1 

" 2nd, " Deluge 2348. 1656 

" 3rd, Birth of Christ A.D. 4004 

" 4th, The present 1882. 5886 

THE WHOLE PEEIOD OF THE WOELD FEOM THE 
CREATION TO DATE IS, THEREFORE, 4004 + 1S82 == 5886 
YEARS. 



THE WOELD. 



ROMAN HISTORY. 

Begins at the founding of the City of Rome by Romulus, B.C. 
753, and extends to the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks 
under Mahomet II., A.D. 1453. 

Romulus (its founder) and Bemus are said by the poets to have 
been twin brothers, children of Rhea Silvia, a vestal virgin, 
and the grandsons of Numitor, fifteenth king of Alba in the direct 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 163 

line from iEneas, whose son Ascanius founded Alba Longa, B.C. 
1152. 

The regal line continued during the reigns of seven kings, of 
whom Romulus was the first and Tarqumius Superbus the last. 

Royalty was abolished, B.C. 509, and an aristocratic Common- 
wealth substituted, over which Junius Brutus and Tarquinius 
Collatinus were chosen the first consuls. 

During the early part of the fourth centmw, B. C. 390, Rome was 
invaded by the Gauls and burnt to the ground. They were, however, 
ultimately defeated by Camillus and with Brennus, their leader, 
driven from the country. 

" Steel " and not " Gold " was that which ransomed their 
nation ; for the successful accomplishment of which Camillus, 
who had been appointed dictator, was honored as the father and 
second founder of Rome. 

Lucius Sextus, B.C. 367, was chosen the first Plebeian consul. 

The first Punic war, of which there were three, began, B.C. 
264, from which time to the destruction of Carthage, B C. 146, 
hostilities were conducted with various successes. Civil wars 
followed, but in spite of them Rome apparently prospered. 

The first Triumvirate, composed of Cassar, Pompey and Crassus, 
came into existence, B.C. 60. 

After various changes, Julius Caesar was appointed dictator, but 
being assassinated in the Senate Chamber, B.C. 44, his mantle 
fell upon his nephew, Octavius, who, after many contentions, 
became master of the Commonwealth at the battle of Actium, 
B.C. 31 ; four years after which, B.C. 27, the Roman Empire was 
established, and the name of Augustus Caesar conferred upon him 
by the Senate of the Roman People. 

There were twelve Caesars, of whom Julius was the first, and 
Domilian the last; the succeeding rulers being more generally 
known as " Emperors." The seat of Government was removed 
from Rome to Byzantium by Constantine "The Great," A.D. 330, 
and in honor of him named Constantinople. 

Theodosius " The Great," the last monarch of the whole Empire, 
died, A.D. 395, leaving Honorius and Arcadius, his sons, to succeed 
him ; at which time the Kmpire was divided into the Eastern and 
Western, Honorius becoming Emperor of the latter and Arcadius 
of the former. 



164 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 

The invasions of the Goths were continued with more success 
than during the reign of their father. Their famous leader Alaric, 
A.D. 410, captured Rome, and entering with his army com- 
mitted fearful ravages. During six days the city was sacked and 
thousands were put to the sword in spite of the orders of their 
General to the contrary. 

Rome was again captured and plundered by Genseric, the cele- 
brated king of the Vandals, A.D. 455. He had been invited by the 
Empress to avenge the murder of her husband, Valentinian III. 
Eleven days the pillaging continued. 

Many monuments spared by Alaric were now destroyed by the 
Moors and Vandals under Genseric, who having enriched himself 
returned to Carthage whence he came. 

From this time forward the Empire of the West continued a 
precarious existence until A.D. 476, when it fell; having been 
conquered by Odoacer, the chief of the Heruli, who assumed the 
title of " King of Italy." Romulus Augustulus, diminutively 
named in contradistinction of the Great Augustus, was the last 
emperor of the West. 

The Eastern Empire continued almost another thousand years, 
and ended with the capture of Constantinople by the Turks under 
Mahomed II. during the reign of Constantine (Palaeologus) XII., 
who died acting nobly and heroically in its defence, A. D. 1453. 

TABULATION. 

B.C. 
Rome founded 753 

The Commonwealth 509 

Empire Established 27 

A.D. 

The Seat of Government 
removed to Byzantium 
(Constantinople) 33 

Division of the Empire... 395 
Fall of the Western.... 476 
Fall of the Eastern.... 1453 



ROMAN HISTORY. { 



Epoch 1. 


u 


2. 


it 


3. 


u 


4. 


(t 


5. 


u 


6. 


(C 


7. 



THE WHOLE PERIOD OF ROMAN HISTORY EXTENDS 
FROM B.C. 753 TO A.D. 1453 = 2206 YEARS. 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 165 

THE HISTOEY OF THE SAEACENS. 

The Saracens, whose leaders were called Caliphs, were disciples 
of Mahomet of Arabic origin. They were a brave but cruel race 
that, when gentler means failed, propagated their religion by the 
sword. 

Their history extends from the Hegira of Mahomet, A.D. 622, 
to the fall of Bagdad, A.D. 1258. In the eighth century they 
conquered Spain, having overcome and killed Bodrique, the 
last of the Gothic monarchs, at the battle of Xeres, A.D. Til or 
712. 

In their great battle against the French they were defeated, 
A.D. 732, at Tours by Charles Martel. Besides the appellation of 
" the hammerer " being applied to the victor, Europe, by this good 
fortune, was spared the degradation of compulsory conversion to 
the faith of Mahomet. 

They established the Caliphate of Cordova on the Guadelquiver 
in Spain, A.D. 756, and the grand Caliphate of Bagdad on the Eiver 
Tigris in Asia, A.D. 762. 

A singularly fanatical sect of Saracens called " Assassins " or- 
ganized themselves at Almoot, in the northern part of Persia, 
under their chief, Hassan I., " The Old Man of the Mountain" about 
A.D. 1090. Their young men were secretly trained to treacher- 
ously destroy whomsoever they found to be offensive. Malek 
Shah, Sultan of Turkey, was their first victim, A.D. 1093. 

The Saracens were finally conquered by the Mogul Tartars- 
Bagdad was captured by Hulaku, a descendent of Genghis Khan, 
A.D. 1258. Al Mostasem, last of the Caliphs, being put to death, 
the Caliphate was abolished, and a termination of the dominion of 
their empire was the result. They are now in possession of Arabia, 
and known as " the wandering Arabs." 

TABULATION. 

A.D. 

f Epoch 1. The Hegira 622 

HISTORY OF j « 2 . Caliphate op Bagdad.. 76^5 

THE S \EACENS " ^' K INGD0M 0F Hassan 1090 

" 4. Conquest op Bagdad... 1258 

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF THE HISTORY OF THE 

SARACENS EXTENDS FROM A.D. 622 TO 

A. D. 1258 = 636 YEAKS. 



166 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 

THE TURKS OR MOGUL TARTARS. 

Considered by their own historians "descendants of Japhet," 
are supposed to have derived their origin from the Huns, a wander- 
ing race of people that dwelt in Great Tartary. They were ori- 
ginally a tribe of Tartars, but by conquest and incorporation they 
have become a mixed race. 

Their history properly begins at the establishment of the Otto- 
man Empire and extends to the present time, i.e. from A.D. 1299 
to A.D. 1882. Having been driven from their own country they 
divided themselves into small colonies and settled in various 
localities near the Caspian and Black Seas. 

Being hai'dy and warlike they renounced pastoral life, forti- 
fying small towns and castles, gradually increasing their power 
by conquest and otherwise, until at the end of the thirteenth 
century they established what is now known as the Ottoman or 
Turkish Empire, A.D. 1299, under Osman or Othman I., a descendant 
of the celebrated Genghis Khan. 

Under Mahomet II., they captured Constantinople, and possessed 
themselves of the Eastern Roman Empire, A.D. 1453. Like the 
Saracens, whom they subdued, they are Mahometans, but their 
chiefs are called " Sultans." 

The Janissaries, "New Soldiers," were first employed by 
Amurath I., about A.D. 1330, but carefully organized by Orchan, 
A.D. 1360. They were originally composed of young men, 
captives, taken from the districts belonging to the Christians, 
caused to assume the Mahometan faith and become a bodyguard, 
in the place of disbanded Turkish soldiers. 

About the middle of the twelth centuiy, A.D. 1163, during 
the Crusades, Egypt hal been conquered by the Turks and made 
the home of the Mamelukes. 

These grew powerful, and becoming disgusted with the authority 
of the Turks, rebelled, A.D. 1250, and succeeded in establishing 
themselves under their own rulers, called Beys, until A. D. 1493, 
when war broke out, the result of which was the conquest of Syria 
and Egypt. The Mamelukes having been captured were des- 
troyed in the following manner, A.D. 1517 : 

Selim, when he thought he had them all assembled, erected a 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 167 

superb throne on the banks of the Nile, without the gates of Cairo ; 
and having placed himself thereon, he commanded these unhappy 
wretches to be brought before him, where they were murdered 
before his eyes and their bodies thrown into the river, it is said 
to the number of thirty thousand, hence the propriety of his name, 
'•'the Ferocious." 

Torman Bey, the last of their princes, was hanged, and the 
Monarchy of the Mamelukes abolished. Selim, however, permit- 
ted their aristocracy to continue, on condition that they paid an 
annual tribute, were obedient to the Mufti of Constantinople in 
mattei*s of faith, and inserted the name of the Ottoman Emperor 
in the prayers and on the coin. 

They again grew powerful, and becoming objectionable were 
massacred A.D. 1811, by Mehemet Ali at Cairo. 

Napoleon I. invaded Egypt, and after having possessed himself 
of the greater portion of it, A.D. 1798, was forced by Great 
Britain and Ireland to leave the country, when it was restored to 
Turkey, A.D. 1801. 

Mehemet Ali was made hereditary Viceroy of Egypt, A.D. 
1841. The direct succession of Viceroyalty was granted, A.D. 
1865, by the Porte (Turkish Parliament), two years after which 
the Viceroy was known as the Khedive, and held his position 
subject to the Sultan of Turkey. 

The Janissaries deposed Mustapha IT., A.D. 1703, and substi- 
tuted his brother, Achmet III., whom they caused to be succeeded 
by his nephew, Mahomet V., during a rebellion, A.D. 1730, which 
resulted in a change in the Government by which the Sultan 
assumed much of the powers of his Viciers, whom by advice of his 
Council he caused to be frequently changed. 

The Janissaries were always an over-officious body of soldiers, 
often causing revolutions by the destruction of the Sultan. They 
were consequent^ suppressed and destroj-ed, A.D. 1826. Eg} 7 pt, 
now belonging to Turkey, has recently been invaded by England, 
A.D. 1882, in consequence of rebellion threatening her interests 
in the Suez Canal. Alexandria was effectively bombarded • and 
under the command of Sir Garnet Wolseley a great victoi*y Luis 
just been obtained by the conquest of Tel-el-Kebir and capture 
of Arabi Pasha, supposed to have been the chief rebel. 



168 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 



TURKISH 
HISTORY. 



TABULATION. 

A.D. 

Epoch 1. The Ottoman Empire 1299 

2. Conquest op Constantinople. 1453 
Destruction op the Mamelukes 
Revolution of the Janissaries 
Massacre of the Janissaries. 



1517 
1730 
1826 



3. 

4. 
5. 
6. Rebellion in Egypt 1882 

THE WHOLE PERrOD OF THE HISTORY OF THE 
TURKS EXTENDS FROM A.D. 1299 TO A.D. 1882 = 583 
YEARS. 



THE BIBLE. 

The Holy Bible (from the Greek /3i6Aof a book) contains what 
are known as the Sacred writings, so called from the belief that 
its various authors were inspired. It is devoted principally to 
the children of Israel, their descendants and the nations with 
whom they came in contact during their journeyings through the 
world. 

Biblical history extends from the Creation as described by Moses, 
B. C. 4004, to the nativity of Christ, or more strictly speaking to 
the end of the Apocrypha, B.C. 135. 

The greater part of the Bible was collected and arranged by 
Ezra before or about B.C. 450. Malachi, written by the last of 
the prophets about B.C. 397, and the Apocrypha have since been 
added, the latter of which is not considered as inspired by either 
Protestants or Jews. * 

Many opinions are registered (see page 44) concerning the exact 
date of the Creation, and of which it is evident that not one of 
them is literally true. Nevertheless that given in the Bible, 
where the book of Genesis tells us of the Creation, as written 
by Moses in the fifteenth century B.C., and dated 4004, is the one 
offered in this work. 

The grand epochs of the Holy Bible may be summed up in 
tabular form, as follows : 



* " The books not in the Jewish Canon were rejected at the Council of Laodicea about 
A.D. 366, but were received as canonical by the Roman Catholic Church at the Council of 
Trent on 8th April, 1546. Parts of the Apocrypha were admitted to be read as lessons by 
the Church of England by the 6th Article, 1563." —Haydn's Dictionary of Dates. 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 



169 











B.C. 




' Epoch 1. 
2. 


The Creation 


4004 






2348 




(i 


3. 


" Call op Abraham 


1921 




a 
tt 


4. 
5. 


" Exodus 


1491 


THE PEKIOD 


Accession of Saul (Mo- ") 


1095 


OF 
BIBLICAL 
HISTOKY. 


it 


6. 


Eevolt op the Ten Tribes. 


975 


tt 


7. 


The Fall op the Kingdom ^ 
op Israel, "ASSYRIAN ► 
CAPlIVITY" 3 

The Fall op Judah and>. 
Benjamin, " BABYLO- I 
NIAN CAPTIVITY " J 




tt 


6. 


721 








587 












a 


9. 




277 




a 


10. 


End op the Apocrypha 


135 



THE WHOLE PEEIOD OF BIBLICAL HISTOEY FROM 
THE CREATION, B.C. 4004, TO THE END OF THE APO- 
CRYPHA, B.C. 135 = 3869 YKAES. IF, HOWEVEE, TO THE 
NATIVITY OP CHRIST (VULGAR EEA] BE RECKONED 
IT WILL CONSIST OF 4004 YEARS. 



THE CHURCH, 

By which is meant the Christian Church, in its history includes 
that of the Crusades. It is known also as Ecclesiastical history 
and extends from the Nativity of Christ to the present time, a 
period of almost nineteen centuries. 

During the early part of Ecclesiastical history persecutions were 
many and severe. Of these, however, only ten are specially men- 
tioned and located upon the Chart of Time. 

A.D. 312 Christianity triumphed, no doubt in consequence of 
Constantino I. "The Great" having become a Christian. The 
Church now oi'ganized, and Christian leaders assembled in general 
councils to arrange the differences that were ever springing up 
amongst them. 

Of these General or Oecumenical Councils that of Nice, A.D. 
325, was the first, over which Constantine himself presided, 
and the great Council of A.D. 1879, over which His Holiness 
" Pio Nino " presided, was the last; known in history as XXI, at 



170 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 

which the dogma of Infallibility was proclaimed, A.D. 1870, and 
admitted by all " the faithful " of the Roman Catholic Church. 

From the time of the Council of Nice the Church prospered and 
the power of its Pontiffs increased both spiritually and tempo- 
rally, so that in the eighth century, A.D. 755, the Pope was invested 
by Pepin "le bref" with temporal power or sovereignty. 

This was afterwards recognized by Charlemagne, who enforced 
payment of the tithes for the benefit of the bishops, clergy, 
churches, schools and the poor. 

In the latter part of the ninth century, about A.D. 880, the Greek 
and Latin Churches separated. The schism, however, became 
more complete in the eleventh century, A.D. 1053, when the Patri- 
arch of Constantinople was actually excommunicated.* 

Soon after this event, A.D. 1059, began the war of Investiture, 
which sprang up between the Popes and Temporal Sovereigns ; the 
former claiming the right of nominating Bishops and Abbots and 
of investing them with the cross and ring, the latter denying and 
absolutely refusing to accede to it. This struggle came to an end 
in the following century, A.D. 1123, being settled in the ninth 
(Ecumenical (first Lateran) Council. 

THE CEUSADES were holy wars undertaken by the Christian 
world in order to obtain possession of the Saviour's tomb, which 
was being desecrated by the Seljukian Turks. 

Stimulated by Peter the hermit," A council was called at Cler- 
mont, A.D. 1095, in consequence of which a large miscellaneous 
army of inexperienced Christians, filled with enthusiasm, set out 
on their journey as soldiers, each bearing a red cross upon the 
right shoulder, hence the name. 

The crusades were eight (or more) in number, and were the 
cause of the loss of over 2,000,000 people, not to mention the 
destruction of property which must have been immense ! The 
first crusade began A.D. 1096 ; the last was in A.D. 1270. 

A Division known as " The Great Schism " occurred again, A. D. 
1378, during which the authority of the Pontiffs was considerably 
lowered from the fact that two, three, or more claimed the position 
of the Pope at the same time. 

* " In consequence of some slight diffprences in their respective creeds, the followers of 
the eastern and western churchps hated each other more cordially than either did the 
infidels. During the Crusades, the Greek emperors frequently betrayed the Latin adven* 
turers, and the latter, in their turn, looked on the Greeks with equal contempt and detes- 
tation." — Pinnock's Goldsmith's Greece, page 404. 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 171 

This schism came to an end, about A. D. 1429, after having 
lasted over fifty years. 

The Eeformation is the next great division in the Church. It 
began A.D. 1517 under the influence of Martin Luther, an Augustin 
friar and professor in the University of Wittemberg, who denounced 
the abuses committed by the Dominicans. 

In the year A.D. 1534 Ignatius, better known as St. Ignatius 
de Loyola, encouraged a few noble-minded young friends to 
assemble themselves together, where, upon a certain occa- 
sion, they vowed to promote the service of God by seeking the 
salvation of souls. Having afterwards repaired to Rome they were, 
A.D. 1540, organized into a religious order. 

The Pope issued a bull in their favor and named them The 
Society op Jesus, which is at present generally known as " The 
Order of the Jesuits." 

They do all in their power to check the efforts of the Reforma- 
tion, and have from time to time been expelled from almost every 
country in Christendom. St. Francis Xavier, one of the first com- 
panions of Ignatius, visited India immediately after their organiza- 
tion, where he preached the gospel, A.D. 1542; he next visited 
Japan and baptized great numbers during the brief period of his 
mission which lasted ten years. He died, A.D. 1552. 

Henry VIII., king of England, threw off his allegiance to the 
Supreme Pontiff and declared himself " Head of the English. 
Church," A. D. 1534, from which time the Sovereign of England has 
been considered such by the Episcopalians, now known as "the 
Established Church of England." 

Since the Reformation many misfortunes have been alternately 
brought upon Catholics and Protestants, causing martyrdom 
and bloodshed that would not have taken place had the spirit of 
unity been more complete. 

It would perhaps hardty be too much to say the " mortifica- 
tion " or downfall of the one was the uprising or glory of the 
other, and vice versa. We pass over the various massacres and 
war* resulting from religious bigotry and notice a new power 
rising in the history of the Church, which, though at present is 
in its infancy, is soon to become a great one should it progress as 
it has begun. 

The Young Men's Christian Association, which is here alluded 
to, was established or rather organized A.D. 1844 by George 



172 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 



Williams in London, England ; who, with a few others as did 
Loyola three hundred years before, consecrated himself to the 
services of God. 

The twenty-first (Ecumenical Council, already referred to, was 
a grand epoch in the Roman Catholic Church, since which to 
the present, A.D. 1882, she continues, as do also the various 
denominational Protestant bodies, in the paths pointing to the 
best and most hopeful results as considered by their respective 
councils. 

TABULATION. 



A.D 

Epoch 1. The birth of Christ 1 

" 2. " Triumph op Christianity.. 312 

" 3. " Temporal power 755 

" 4. " Schism of the East 1053 

" 5. " "War of Investiture 1059 

" 6. " First Crusade 1096 

" 7. " Last Crusade 1270 

'< 8. " Great Schism 1378 

" 9. " Reformation 1517 

" 10. " Order of the Jesuits 1540 

" 11. " Christian Association... 1844 

" 12. " Twenty-first Council... 1869 

13. " Present date 1882 



ECCLESIAS- 
TICAL 
HISTORY. 



v. 

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF CHURCH HISTORY EX- 
TENDS FROM THE NATIVITY OF CHRIST, A.D., TO 

A.D. 1882 = 1882 YEARS. 



GRECIAN HISTORY, B.C. 



Ancient Grecian History deservedly holds a distinguished place 
amongst the archives of the nations. Greece was called Hellas, 
and its inhabitants Hellenes. Other appellations have been given 
by the historians and poets, such as Pelasgi, Danai, Argivi, 
Achivi, etc. 

The Greeks are said to have descended from Javan, fourth son 
of Japhet. Their history extends from the founding of Sicyon, 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 173 

B.C. 2089, to their subjugation by the Eomans, B.C. 146, when 
Greece became a Roman province. 

The Greeks were renowned for genius, patriotism and learning. 
Their civilization has produced many examples of heroes in every 
way worth}^ of the admiration of posterity. 

The more prominent of these, and somewhat allied to the Gods, 
were Pelops, colonizer and founder of the Peloponnesus B. C. 1321 ; 
Jason, commander of the Argonautic expedition, B. C. 1263 ; 
Hercules, etc., etc. The Olympic games were originally established 
by the Idsei Dactyli, B.C. 1453. 

The Trojan war, B.C. 1194, was the theme of Homer's great 
work " the Iliad," of which Ulysses is the hero. 

Homer nourished about B.C. 984, a period nearly midway 
between the invasion of Troy and the victory of Coroebus at the 
Olympic games, B.C. 776, from which period commences the 
Olympiads, a method of counting time by the Greeks. Horner is 
up to the present time without a rival in epic poetry, being ever 
since his great work considered as "the father op song." 

The important epochs of Grecian history during its authentic 
period begin at the first Olympiad, B.C. 776, and may be named 
in order as follows: the Persian invasion, B.C. 495 ; the "retreat of 
the ten thousand" under Xenophon, B.C. 400 ; the invasion and 
conquest of Persia; the establishment of the Macedonian Empire, 
B.C. 331, by Alexander "the Great;" the fall and division of 
that empire at his death, B.C. 323, about eight years after its 
having been established. 

Misfortune now appeared among the Greeks, and in consequence 
of treachery and civil war they fell an easy prey to the Eomans, 
by whom they were conquered, B.C. 146, and the land became 
a Boman province. 

Grecian history is divided into Fabulous and Authentic. 

TABULATION. 

B.C. 
f Epoch 1. SrcYON pounded by jEgialus. 208S 

I " 2. Olympic Games Established.. 1453 
FABULOUS u 3 The Argonautic Expedition. 1263 

HISTOEYOF <! " 4. The Trojan War 1194 

GBEECE " ^' ^ HE TIME 0F Homer [about] 984 
" 6. The Victory of Corosbus, (1st 
t Olympiad) 776 



174 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 

B.C. 

( The first Olympiad 776 

j Epoch 7. The Persian Invasion 496 

AUTHENTIC « g Ketreat of The Thotjsand 

HISTORY Greeks under Xenophon... 400 
" 9. Conquest of Persia by Alex- 
ander 331 

" 10. Conquest of Greece by the 

Eomans 146 

THE WHOLE PERIOD OP ANCIENT GRECIAN HIS- 
TORY EXTENDS FROM B.C. 2089 TO B.C. 146=1943 YEARS. 



OF 

GREECE. 



< 



THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND 

Is one of the most important, interesting and instructive that is 
narrated in the recoi'ds of the past. If we recognise its occupation 
by the ancient Britons, the Welsh of to-day, over whom Caesar 
effected a quasi conquest, it extends from the invasion of that 
renowned Roman General, B. C. 55, to the present time, A D. 1882. 

From the lowest state of barbarism and poverty England 
arose gradually, until now in wealth, power and splendor she 
stands recognized one of the chiefs among the nations of the 
earth. 

In the arts of peace, commerce and war she is second to none. 
Her flag is of a thousand years, and ever ready to unfurl to the 
breeze where oppression is known to cause an invocation to the 
Goddess of Liberty. 

It is the proud boast of the subjects of the Great British 
Empire of to-day, in regard to its extent, to exclaim " The sun 
never sits upon it." The first epoch of English history was its 
invasion (already mentioned) by Julius Ca3sar, B.C. 55. 

In the first century of the Christian era, A.D. 85, during the 
rei^n of Domitian, Britain became a Roman province, and after 
having remained under the government of the Emperors nearly 
four centuries its inhabitants looked upon the Romans as benefac- 
tors rather than conquerors. 

In consequence of the invasion of Rome by the Goths and 
"Vandals during the early part of the fifth century, the legions 
were withdrawn, and with them many of the British youth, leaving 
the country an easy prey to the northern hordes of barbarians 
ever ready to pounce down upon it. 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 175 

To counteract this the Romans were appealed to for assistance, 
but in vain. They then called in the Saxons, a people already 
awaiting an opportunity to invade the country, who, therefore, 
gladly came forward and rendered the assistance, after which 
they determined to acquire the island for themselves — hence 
the Saxon invasion, which resulted in the expulsion of the 
ancient Britons; they being driven west and south into Cumber- 
land, Wales and Cornwall, while not a few left the shores of 
England and settled in Brittany, on the west coast of France. 

The Heptarchy (some say Octarchy) were established during the 
fifth and sixth centuries, the first of which was Kent, A.D. 455, 
under Henghist, and the last Mercia, AD. 586, under Crida. 

These seven petty kingdoms recognized one of their Kings as 
superior to all the rest, on whom the title of Britwalda was 
bestowed. 

Avarice and ambition were generally present and stimulated 
strife and cunning, which from various causes permanently 
attached them all to one ruler; so that, A.D. 827, they were 
united under Egbert, and in 829 generally known and proclaimed 
by the Wittenagemot Council to be the inhabitants of the land of 
Eng or " England." 

Already as early as A.D. 787 the Danes had invaded their 
country, and in this, the ninth century, they became more com- 
bative than ever, especially during the reigns of the first kings. 
They were, however, finally defeated by Alfred, under whom the 
navy of England, A.D. 897, gained agreat victoiy, giving Britain 
prestige on the ocean which she has ever since had the good 
fortune to retain. 

The early part of the eleventh century acknowledged Danish 
kings upon the throne of England, the first of whom was Canute 
the Great, whose l-eign began, A.D. 1017, in common with that 
of Edmund Ironsides. 

Harold I. and Hardicanute succeeded ; the latter of whom was 
the last Danish king, and whose reign was followed by that of 
Edward " the Confessor." 

England was invaded by William of Normandy, A.D. 1066, 
and subjected to him after the battle of Hastings, at which the 
successor to " the Confessor," Harold II., son of Earl Godwin, was 
slain. 



1*76 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 

This established the Norman Family, of which William " the 
Conqueror" was the first and Stephen of Blois the last. 

They were followed by " the Tudors" A.D. 1 154, of which Henry 
II., son of Maud, was the first, and Richard III. the last. Richard 
was killed at the battle of Hastings, A.D. 1485, and succeeded by 
Henry VII. It was during the reign of the Plantagenets, A.D. 
1215, that the Magna Charta was drawn up and signed in favor 
of the bishops, barons and the common people. 

During the latter part of the reign of the Plantagenets, A.D. 
1455, civil war broke out and continued for thirty years. It was 
known as the " War. of the Roses," and was a struggle between the 
houses of Lancaster and York. At its termination Henry VII., 
first of the Tudors, came to the throne, and in consequence of his 
marriage of Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., of York, the 
houses of Lancaster and York were united in their succession. 

The Tudors came into power A.D. 1485, and reigned until 1603. 
It was during the occupation of the throne by this family that the 
Eeformation, A.D. 1517, broke out ; and that the Spanish Armada 
attempted to invade England, but was defeated in the time of 
Elizabeth, A.D. 1588. 

The Stuarts, whose reign began in Scotland, A.D. 1371, came 
heirs to the throne of England, A.D. 1603, when James V. of 
Scotland succeeded Elizabeth. They governed until A.D. 1714, 
at which time George I., of the house of Brunswick, came to the 
throne. It was during the reign of the Stuarts that the Com- 
monwealth existed. 

After the beheading of Charles I., A.D. 1649, the royal family 
was expelled, and A.D. 1653 the sovereignty was in the name of 
the Commonwealth, with Oliver Cromwell as the acknowledged 
head. The restoration followed A.D. 1660. 

Throughout the seventeenth century civil strifes, engendered by 
religious differences, were carried on much to the detriment of 
the country. The great revolution of A.D. 1688 resulted in the 
expulsion of James II. and a complete change of the Ecclesiastical 
relations in regard to the throne of England. 

In consequence of the Protestant ascendency the house of 
Brunswick was declared the legal heir to that of the Stuarts 
and, A.D. 1714, after the death of Queen Anne, George I. of 
Hanover advanced and became the King. 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 177 

During the reign of George III., the American Colonies 
'rebelled, A.D. 1775, and in the following year declared their 
independence of Great Britain, since which time they have become 
a great nation, and are known as the United States op America. 
If we except this unfortunate loss, which has been somewhat 
repaired by acquisitions in India, Great Britain has, up to' the 
present time, been progressive, and today is apparently in a 
good prosperous and happy condition under the reign of our 
noble, worthy and illustrious Queen Victoria, whose line of 
ancestry can readily be traced back to Rollo of Normandy. 

* To protect her " finances and traffic " in the great Suez Canal, 
of which the controlling interest was acquired through the states- 
manship of Disraeli, A.D. 1875, England has this year, A.D. 
1882, invaded Egypt and suppressed the rebellion in that country. 
Under the command of Sir Garnet Wolseley she despatched one 
of the finest and best-equipped armies ever organized ; and 
'icing well supported by her fleet in the Mediterranean, won the 
famous battle of Tel-el-Kebir whereby the backbone of the uprising 
was broken, and its chief, Arabi Pasha, taken prisoner. 

tabulation. b.c. 

' Epoch 1. Invasion of Britain by Caesar... 55 

A.D. 

" 2. Britain a Roman Province 85 

c: '£. The Saxon Invasion 449 

" 4. Kent Founded 455 

HISTORY " &' ^ IIE Heptarchy complete 586 

J " 6. Union of the Heptarchy 827 

" 7. The Norman Family (Conquest.) 1066 



THE 



ENGLAND. 



" 8. " Plantagenets 1154 

" 9. " Tudors 1485 

" 10. " Stuarts 1603 

'• 11. " Brunswicks , 1714 

" 12. " Invasion of Egypt 1882 

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF ENGLISH HISTORY, FROM 
B.C. 55 TO DATE, A.D. 1882,=1937 YEARS. 

THE KHEDIVE'S MANIFESTO. 
*" Alexaxria, September 23.— The Khedive has issued a manifesto declaring that 
England has great interests in Egypt, regarding finances and traffic through the Suez 
Canal. For the protection of these interests she was compelled to interfere.** Ihe 
Kh .live announces that he has authorized Wolseley to represent him in restoring order 
and punishing rebels." 

L 



178 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 

THE HISTORY OF SCOTLAND 

Properly begins when the Picts were conquered and united to- 
the Scots under Kenneth II., " MacAlpine," A.D. 843, and extend* 
to the present time. 

Fergus I., it is said, was King of the Caledonians, B.C. 330, one 
year after the foundation of the great but short-lived Macedonian 
monarchy by Alexander. Little is known of them, however, 
except that they were of Celtic origin, and made frequent 
incursions upon their more southern neighbors, the Britons, whom 
they pillaged whenever occasion offered. 

The Scuiths (Scots "from Ireland) invaded and drove the ancient 
inhabitants, the Caledonians and Picts, up into the northern hills 
about A.D. 306, since which the country has been called Scotia 
Fergus II., about A.D. 404, unsuccessfully endeavored to form a 
general union and re-establish the Caledonian monarchy. 

In their raids upon the south they acted in concert, and were 
undoubtedly the cause of the Saxon invasion, which resulted in 
the expulsion of the ancient Britons, and the establishing of the 
Heptarchy. 

A civil war broke out, about A.D. 838, and, A.D. 843, terminated 
in favor of Kenneth McAlpine, King of the Scots. Wrad, the King 
of the Picts, having been killed in battle, Kenneth united them by 
subjugation, marriage or otherwise, and became the first King of 
all Scotland; since which it has generally been known as such, 
and ruled by one monarch. 

Other accounts have been written, but Scottish history is more 
or less contradictory down to the time of Malcolm III., "Canmore," 
who came to the throne, about A.D. 1055, and who was con- 
temporary with William the Conqueror of England. 

If we pass over a few reigns and descend to Alexander III., 
we find that Margaret, " the Maid of Norway," his grand- 
daughter, was recognized as the Scottish Queen on his demise, 
which occurred A.D. 1286. 

She was betrothed to the first Prince of Wales, but on her way 
to Scotland sickened and died a few days after having been 
brought on shore at Orkney. 

An interregnum of two years followed, after which, A.D. 1292, 
John Baliol, by the influence and choice of Edward I. of England r 
succeeded. During the last decade of this century Sir William 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 179 

Wallace stood forth the most prominent hero and defender of 
Scottish liberty. 

Robert Bruce came to the throne, A.D. 1306, where he 
proved himself a wise and brave king, worthy of the confidence 
placed in him. At the battle of Bannockburn, A.D. 1314, he suc- 
ceeded in making England not only respect, but even fear Scotland. 

He afterwards became the grand-father of the Stuart race of 
kings through the marriage of his daughter, Princess Marjory, to 
Walter Stuart. Thus originated that family, the first of whom 
came to the throne A.D. 1371. 

During the fifteenth and the early part of the sixteenth cen- 
turies five of the James ruled in succession. The unfortunate but 
beautiful Mary, " Queen of the Scots," succeeded her father when 
an infant of only eight daja. 

Her life, an eventful one, w r as taken from her on the scaffold, 
A.D. 1587, twenty years previous to which her son James VI. 
ascended the Scottish throne. xVt the death of Elizabeth, he, 
being the heir, succeeded her, and became King of both countries, 
England and Scotland, A.D. 1603. 

This is a marked epoch in Scottish history which, after a century 
resulted in parliamentary union. It was during the reign of the 
Stuarts that the great Commonwealth of England was established, 
with Oliver Cromwell as Protector. 

The Stuart line was restored, A.D. 1660 and in 1707 the Parlia- 
ment of Scotland was united with that of England, since which 
the two nations are known as " Great Britain," and their histories 
as " British History." 

TABULATION. 

A.D. 
Epoch 1. Union op the Picts and Scots. . 843 

" 2. Malcolm Canmore 1055 

3. The Maid op Norway 1286 

" 4. Interregnum 1290 



HISTORY. 



OF tt 5. Accession op the Stuarts 1371 

SCOTLAND. « 6. Succession to England 1603 

« 7. Parliamentary Union 1707 

« 8. Date 1882 

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF THE HISTORY OF SCOT- 
LAND EXTENDS FROM A.D. 843, TO A.D. 1882=1039 
YEARS. 



180 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 

THE HISTORY OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE, 

One of the four great Monarchies of antiquity, extends from 
the time of Cyrus " The Great," B.C. 559, to the reign of Darius 
III,, " Codomanus," when Persia was conquered by Alexander 
« The Great" B.C. 331. 

Before the time of Cyrus I., the elder, who became the king, 
B.C. 559, Persian history is obscure and unreliable. He (Cyrus) 
was succeeded by his son, Cambysses, who invaded and conquered 
Egypt, B.C. 525, in the reign of Darius Hywtaspes. 

The first great invasion of Greece by the P< 
B.C. 496. It, like the second under Hvixci; B.C. 481, pro - * 
disastrous undertaking. 

During a Persian Civil war between Artaxerxes, "Memnon" 
and Cyrus II, the Younger, the latter was killed at the battle of 
€unaxa, B.C. 401 ; after which, Xenophon, the Historian, distin- 
guished himself by conducting the famous retreat of the ten thou- 
sand Greeks back to their native country, a distance of more than 
three thousand miles, in two hundred and fifteen days, B.C. 400. 

The Great Macedonian Empire was founded by Alexander, son 
of Philip of Macedon, afterwards named " The Great." At 
his death, B.C. 323. the Macedonian Monarchy/after a duralion of 
but nearly eight years, fell to pieces and was divided amongst his 
Generals. 

Seleucius Nicator received Babylon and after a few successful 
Struggles, established the Seleucidae upon the throne of Persia. 

Darius Codamanus, treacherously murdered by Bessus, B.C. 
^31, was the last of the great Persian Monarchs. 

TABULATION. B.C. 

f Epoch 1. Cyrus I. becomes king 559 

" 2. Conquest of Babylon 536 

" 3. Conquest of Egypt 525 

" 4. First Persian invasion... 496 
OP THF -l 

" 5. The Betreat of the ten 

PERSIAN EMPIRE. thousand Greeks 400 

" 6. The Conquest of Persia 

by Alexander 331 

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE 
EXTENDS FROM B.C. 559 TO B.C. 331 = 228 YEARS. 



[E HISTORY 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 181 

THE HISTORY OF FRANCE 

Is contemporaneous with that of England. The country 
anciently called Gaul, inhabited originally by Celts from Asia, was 
invaded by Julius Caesar, B.C. 58, and subsequently subdued by 
that renowned General. 

About A.D. 240, the Franks began to settle there; and 
finally, A.D. 419, established a kingdom under Pharamond, 
from which time to the present they have been progressive and 
are now recognized a great Nation in regard to civilization and 
general importance. 

Pharamond's Dynast}^ was known as the Merovingian and wasi 
succeeded, A.D. 752, by the Carlovintgian. Charlemagne, after 
whom it was named and who became sole heir to the throne of 
France upon the death of his brother Carloman, A.D. 771, was 
crowned the Emperor op the West, A.D. 800, by the Pope. 

The Carlovingian Dynasty was succeeded by the Oapetian x 
established by Hugh Capet, A.D. 987. From this time forward^ 
England and France were constantly at war with alternately 
varying success. 

Philip VI., first of the Valois branch of the Capetians, came 
to the throne, A.D. 1328. At the treaty of Troyes, A.D. 1420, 
Henry V. of England was acknowledged heir to the throne of 
France; but at the Siege of Orleans, A.D. 1428, relief came from 
an unexpected quarter and misfortune was routed by a simple 
country maiden, who fearlessly crowned Charles VII., A.D. 1429, 
with her own hands at Rheims — for which act of bravery Jean 
d'Arc received the title of " Tho Maid of Orleans. " This faithful 
and devoted heroine two years after was burned at Rouen ! ! 

Louis XII, Duke of Orleans, ascended the throne, A.D. 1498, 
and established the Orleans branch of the Capetian Dynasty, 
Hence-forth France and England had Colonies in America which 
served to cause additional strife. A revolution broke out, A.D, 
1789, which in consequence of its severity and persistence, is known 
in history as "The Great French Revolution." 

The House of Bourbon, which began with Henry IV., A.D, 
1589, was decreed to perpetual banishment, A.D. 1792, and a 
Republican form of government proclaimed by the National 
assembly. 

France, A.D. 1804, was proclaimed an Empire by the first 
Napoleon, with himself as the Emperor. After many severe strug* 



182 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 



gles with the leading powers of the world, misfortune dethroned 
him ; even a second time, and left him ultimately to die an exile on 
the island of St. Helena. The Bourbons, A.D. 1814, were restored. 
In 1848 a second Eepublic was proclaimed which, A.D. 1852, 
was followed by a second Empire under Napoleon 111, and which 
was succeeded, A.D. 1871, by a third Eepublic with M. Thiers 
as President. Napoleon III. having died, A.D. 1873, and bis son, 
the Prince Imperial, having been unfortunately killed in Africa, 
A.D. 1879, France is likely lor some time to remain as she is 
at present, A.D. 1882, a Eepublic. 



TABULATION. 

r Epoch 1. Invasion of Julius Caesar.. 



B.C 



03 

A.D. 

The Kino dom of the Franks. 419 

Carlo v i ngia n Dynasty 752 

The Capetian " 987 

Valois Branch of Capetians 1328 
Orleans Branch " 1498 

Bourbon Branch " 1589 

The'First Republic 1792 

" First Empire, Napoleon 1804 

" Restoration of the Bour- 
bons. (Expelled 1792).. 1814 

" Second Republic 1848 

" Second Empire 1852 

" Third Republic .'. 1871 

" Present Time 1882 

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF THE HISTORY OF FRANCE 
FROM B.C. 58 to A.D. 1882=1940 YEARS. 





it 


2 




a 


3. 




tt 


4. 


THE 


" 


5. 


HISTORY 


it 
a 


6. 

7 


-1 
OF 


a 
it 


8. 
9. 


FRANCE. 


a 


10. 




tt 


11. 




a 


12. 




a 


13. 




tt 


14. 



THE HISTORY OF IRELAND. 

Obscure and mythical literature has not made an exception of 
this beautiful island. 

Milesius is said to have established himself upon the Irish throne, 
about B.C. 1300, and to have left after him a long line of kings of 
whom he is the ancestral head. 

In the fifth century of the Christian Era, A.D. 431, Palladium 
was appointed by the pope to introduce Christianity, but soon 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 183 

after, in consequence of his death, Saint Patrick received instruc- 
tions to succeed him as the papal envoy, to continue the good 
work. 

Saint Patrick, a Christian missionary, arrived A.D. 432, and 
succeeded so well in his work that he was honored with the title 
of " Patron Saint " of Ireland. From this Epoch Irish history 
is reliable and interesting ; and it introduces the period when 
Ireland became the great seat of learning for European nations. 

We, therefore, consider the arrival of Saint Patrick as the 
commencement of authentic history. The Danes made their 
first invasion of the Island, A.D. 794, and continued their 
incursions with varying successes until finally defeated by 
Brian Boru on the Plains of Clontarf, A.D. 1014. They were 
expelled from the country by the successors of Brian, who was 
himself assassinated after the battle, while on his knees before the 
crucifix, by a foul blow from the sword of Brodar, a Viking, that 
cleft him asunder. 

Daring the twelfth century, in consequence of civil dissensions 
and war among the native Kings, Henry II. succeeded in com- 
pletely subjugating the people, A.D. 1172. By treaty he caused the 
Kings of England to be proclaimed "Lords op Ireland forever." 

We might now conclude that Irish history coalesced with that of 
England, and became inseparably amalgamated with it, but such 
was not the case. In the fifteenth century their parliament was 
subjected to the surveillance of England by what is known as 
^'Poyning's Act;" and, in order to form a closer union, Henry VIII., 
in the following century, A.D. 1542, was declared by himself and 
his parliament " King " instead of " Lord " of Ireland. 

Subsequently many wrongs are said to have been perpetrated 
upon the Irish, and they are known to have suffered much at the 
hands of their big English brother. Whether they are not able 
to find the causes of much of which they complain amongst them- 
selves, is a subject worthy of consideration. 

Oliver Cromwell of the Commonwealth made a cruel war upon 
the country, and upon one occasion, having captured Drogheda, 
A.D. 1G19, put the Governor and whole garrison to the sword. A 
rebellion broke out, A.D. 1798, which cost dearly in human life ; 
three years after which, A.D. 1801, their Parliament was united 
with that of England. 

The Catholic Emancipation Bill was passed, A.D. 1829, princi- 



184 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 

pally through the efforts of Daniel O'Connell. " Home Rule " is now 
the prominent cause of excitement. 

Unfortunately demigogues, dynamite and the assassin are doing 
their work, causing the commission of rapine and murder that must 
not be tolerated by any nation having the least respect for itself. 

Nevertheless it cannot be denied that some of the most illus- 
trious men produced by the nations of the world have been Irish- 
men, and little need be the wonder if such a people, with a country 
well watered, possessing good harbors, navigable lakes, etc., all 
within twenty leagues of ocean communication, and with intellect 
second to none, would wish to control their own affairs. 

TABULATION. 

A.D. 

(Epoch 1. St. Patrick's arrival in Ireland. 432 

I " 2. Invasion of the Danes 794 

THE I « 3, Battle op Clontarf 1014 



OF 
IRELAND. 



3ISTORY I " 4. Conquest of Ireland 1172 

i " 5. Henry VIII. declared King 1542 

" 6. The Irish Rebellion 1798 

" 7. Catholic Emancipation 1829 

8. Home Rule excitement 1882 



I 



THE WHOLE PERIOD OF AUTHENTIC IRISH HISTORY 
EXTENDS FROM AD. 432 TO A.D. 1882=1450 YEARS. 



THE HISTORY OF EGYPT, B.C. 

Extends from very great antiquit} 7 , B.C. 2412, to the conquest 
of the counti-y by the Romans under Csesar Augustus, B.C. 30. 

Mizraim, Son of Ham, also called Menes, was the founder of the 
Egyptian Monarchy, to which event the following dates, B.C. 
5400, 3900, 2412, 2334 and 2188, have been assigned. 

The dynasty of Menes was succeeded by that of the Shepherd 
kings, whose expulsion occurred B.C. 1899; the Hyksos dynasty 
(Shepherd kings) were, in turn, succeeded by the Pharaohs, which 
dynasty continued to the conquest of Egypt by Cambysses B.C. 
525. 

After the death of Alexander, the Egyptian portion of the great 
Macedonian Empire was governed by the Ptolemies, i. e. from B.C. 
323 to the time of its becoming a Roman Province, B.C. 30. 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 185 

Egypt was conquered by the Saracens, A.D. 610, and now 
belongs to Turkey. The highest official, called the Khedive, is 
subject to the Sultan. At the present time, A.D. 1882, England 
is invading the country, and a general war cloud is suspended over 
Europe, in consequence of a rebellion endangering her interests 
in the Suez Canal. 

TABULATION. 

B.C. 

ANCIENT f Epoch 1. The Egyptian Monarchy 2112 

" 2. The Hyksos Dynasty 2151) 

TOBY „ 3. The Pharaohs 1899 

1 4. Conquest op Egypt by Cambysses. 525 

' 5. The Ptolemies 323 

! 6. Egypt, a Eoman Province 30 



OF 
EGYPT. 



i 



THE WHOLE PEEIOD OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN HIS- 
TOEY EXTENDS FROM B.C. 2412 TO B.C. 30=2382 YEAES. 



THE HISTOEY OF GERMANY. 

The Germans were a hardy and warlike race that often came in 
contact with the Roman legions, much to the disadvantage of the 
latter. 

Arminius (Hermann) defeated the Romans under Varus at the 
battle of Teutoberg, A.D. 9, and though afterwards beaten byGer- 
manicus, they were never completely subdued. In the fifth century 
the Huns made war upon them. 

Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of Germany by the Pope, 
A.D. 800, and undoubtedly laid the foundation of German power, 
as at present known. In the following century, A.D. 843, at 
the peace of Verdun, the Empire of the West was separated into 
three monarchies, Italy, France and Germany. After the dismem- 
berment of Charlemagne's Empire, A.D. 887, Germany became 
a distinct government, and the emperors were elected. 

The first family of kings, like those of France, were Carlovin- 
gians. The House of Saxony succeeded, of which Otho I., " the 
Great," invaded Ital}*, and was crowned at Milan as the Emperor of 
the Romans, A.D. 962, hence the Romano-German Empire. 



186 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 

The House of Franconia followed that of Saxony, A.D. 1024. 
Henry IV. of this dynast}- came to the throne, A.D. 1056. He was 
Burnamed "the Great, " and his reign is particularly interesting 
because of his frequent contests with the Pope, and the commence- 
ment of the Crusades. Then came the house of Hohenstaufen or 
Suabia after that of Franconia, A.D. 1139. 

The struggle between the Guelphs and Ghibelines was com- 
menced about this period. The battle of Weinsburg, A.D. 1140, 
fought in "Wurtemberg, is that in which Guelf of Bavaria was 
defeated by Duke Leopold assisted by the Emperor, Conrad IV. 

The House of Hapsburg was inaugurated by the election of 
Tlodolph, Count of Hapsburg, A. I). 1273. During the reigning of 
this family, a rebellion in Switzerland resulted in the independence 
of that country, chiefly through the efforts of William Tell. The 
House of Austria was established in the fifteenth century, A.D. 
1438. 

In the following century, A.D. 1517, the Reformation was 
the cause of much excitement, particularly in the Northern 
part of Germany. The thirty years' war between Protestants and 
Catholics, A.D. 1618, was terminated at the peace of Westpha- 
lia, A.D. 1648. 

The House of Lorraine was established, A.D. 1745. Maria 
Theresa succeeded her father, Charles VI., last of the male line of 
the House of Austria, A.D. 1740. Her assunrption of the throne 
was the cause of the war of the Austrian succession, which was 
terminated A.D. 1748 by the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, at which 
Maria Theresa's claims were acknowledged. 

Her son, Joseph II., succeeded her, A.D. 1765. Germany 
suffered much during the French revolution. Francis II. of Ger- 
many was proclaimed Francis I. of Austria, A.D. 1804. 

The confederation of the Rhine was proclaimed by Napoleon, 
A.D. 1806. After the fall of Napoleon, 1814, the Germanic Confede- 
ration superceded it, A. D. 1815, and was, in turn, succeeded by 
the North German Confederation, A D. 1866. This latter termi- 
nated on the re-estalistment of the German Empire A. D. 1871. 

"William I., King of Prussia, of the House of Hohenzollern, was 
proclaimed Emperor of Germany united, A.D. 1871. 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 187 

TABULATION. 

A.D. 

f Epoch 1. Charlemagne crowned Emperor. 800 

" 2. Peace of Verdun 843 

" 3. House op Saxony 918 

" 4. Otho crowned by the Pope 962 

" 5. House of Franconia 1024 

OF " 6. House of Suabia (Hohenstaufen) 1139 

" 7. House of Hapsburg 1273 

" 8. House of Austria 1438 

" 9. House of Lorraine 1745 

" 10. House of Hohenzollern 1871 

" 11. Date 1882 

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF GERMAN HISTORY EXTENDS 
FROM A.D. 800 TO DATE, 1882 = 1082 YEARS. 



THE 
HISTORY 



GERMANY 



THE HISTORY OF PRUSSIA. 

Like the people of other nations, the Prussians can be traced 
back into antiquity. They received their present name from 
the Borussi, and inhabited the adjacent mountains. Christianity 
was introduced into Prussia by St. Adalbert in the last decade 
of the tenth century. He became a martyr to its cause, A.D. 
997, from which time our reckoning begins. 

During the thirteenth century, the Teutonic Knights, whose 
order was established in Palestine, A.D. 1191, returning from the 
Crusades, determined upon the conquest and complete conversion 
of Prussia. Strife and civil war was the result , and their success 
not what they either wished or anticipated. 

In the fifteenth century, A.D. 1415, Frederick IV. or VI. of 
Nuremburg obtained the title of Frederick I. of Brandenburg, 
Various changes from time to time thereafter succeeded each other, 
the chief of which was the Dukedom of Prussia. It became an 
hereditary duchy, A.D. 1525, with Albert of Brandenburg, the 
Grand Master of the Teutonic order, elected Duke, but to hold his 
position subject to Poland. 

In the seventeenth century, A.D. 1657, Prussia obliged the King- 
dom of Poland to acknowledge her independence, from which time 
she has almost uninterruptedly advanced to her present proud posi- 
tion amongst the nations. 



188 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 

Frederick III., son of the "Great Elector," proclaimed the 
duchy a kingdom, placing the crown upon the heads of himself 
and consort with his own hands in an assembly of the States, 
A.D. 1701 ; and in honor of the occasion he established the order of 
the Black Eagle. 

Six kings have since ruled, the last of whom is William I., who 
came to the throne, A.D. 1861, and who was crowned Emperor of 
United Germany, A.D. 1871, by which the highest honor was added 
to the house of Hohenzollern, which upon that occasion was. 
grandly established. William is the present Emperor. 

TABULATION. 

A.D. 

( Epoch 1. Christianity introduced 997 

HISTORY ' " ^' Frederick IV. of Nuremberg... 1415 

" 3. Albert of Brandenburg 1525 

OF <[ " 4. Independent of Poland 1657 

" 5. Prussia becomes a Kingdom 1701 

PRUSSIA, j u 6. William I. Crowned 1861 

L " 7. To date 1882 

THE WHOLE PEErOD OF RELIABLE PRUSSIAN HIS 
TOBY EXTENDS FKOM A.D. 997 to A.D. 1*82,=885 YEARS. 



THE HISTORY OF AUSTRIA. 

Austria, the Eastern kingdom, anciently Noricum and part of 
Pannonia, is a monarchy composed of a population of Germans, 
Sclavonians, Maggars and Italians. Up to the resignation of 
Francis II. of Germany, A.D. 1804, to become the hereditaiy 
Emperor of Austria, under the title of Francis I., its history is 
more or less incorporated with that of Germany. 

Francis was obliged to resign his dignity as Emperor of Germany, 
A.D. 1806. Napoleon I., after having extorted from the Senate 
a decree of divorce from Josephine, A.D. 1809, in the following 
year caused Maria Louisa, Archduchess of Austria, to become his 
Empress; and in the year 1811 the King of France was born, 
styled Napoleon Francis Charles Joseph Bonaparte. This, the 
only son of the great Napoleon I., died at the early age of 21, 
A.D. 1832. 

Francis was restored as Emperor of Germany, A.D. 1814 or '15, 
from which he had been deposed in 1806 at the Confederation of 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 189 

the .Rhine. At his death, A.D. 1835, he was succeeded by 
Ferdinand IV., who abdicated in favor of his nephew, Francis 
Joseph, A.D. 1848. 

In consequence of a war between Austria and Prussia, A.D. 
1866, the former consented to the breaking up of the Germanic 
Confederation ; meanwhile Holstein and part of Schleswig were 
ceded to the latter and the North German Confederation established 
by the treaty of Prague. 

Francis Joseph is the present Emperor of Austria, A.D. 1882. 
and having married Elizabeth of Bavaria, A.D. 1854, he has become 
possessed of an heir, the Archduke Eodolph, Born A.D. 1858. 



THE HISTORY OF ASSYE1A, B.C. 

The Assyrians were one of the powerful monarchies of antiquity. 
Much difference of opinion exists in regard to the origin of Assyria. 

Chronologers have calculated it to have been founded, B.C. 2614, 
2554, 2247, 2245, 2233 and 2234, the latter of which dates has been 
marked on the chart. It is named after Ashur, the son of Shcm, 
who is said to have established the monarch}'. 

Its history is divided into two grand periods, called First and 

Second Empires. The First Empire extends from Nimrod, B.C. 

1 toPul, B.C. 770. The Second Empire extends from Pul, 

B.C. 770, to the destruction of the Great Assyrian Monarchy by 

Cyrus, the Great, B.C. 536. 



T \BULATION. 

B.C. 

HISTORY r Epoch 1. Nimrod founds the Empire 2234 

OF ) " 2. Pul (about) 770 

ASSYRIA. L " 3. Fall of the Monarchy 536 

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF ASSYEIAN HISTORY EX- 
TENDS FROM B.C. 2234 TO B.C. 536 = 1698 YEARS. 



190 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 

THE HISTORY OF SPAIN 

Properly begins at the invasion of the Visigoths, A.D. 412. 
It was formerly called Hesperia (the West) ; Iberia (from the 
river Ebro), and b}' the Romans, Hispania. The Phoenicians 
founded the city of Cadiz, about B.C. 900, near the pillars of 
Hercules. 

The Carthagenians, B.C. 360, colonized Iberia more towards 
the Northern boundary. 

It was here the Great Hannibal successfully generated and skil- 
fully managed his army against the power of the Roman Empire. 

The Roman General, Scipio, (afterwards surnamed African us) 
conquered Spain, B.C. 207. 

In the first century before the Christian Era, the famous 
general and historian Julius Cassar, quelled insurrections in that 
country, after which, Pompey was made Governor. 

Early in the Christian Era Spain was wrested from the Romans 
by the Barbarians, who subsequently destroyed the Roman Empire 
of the West. 

The Visigoths next invaded and conquered Spain, about A.D. 
412, and were in turn overpowered by the Saracens under Tarik 
and Musaat the battle of Xeres, A.D. 711 or 712, when their king, 
Roderick, the last of the Gothic monarchs, was defeated and slain. 

The Saracens, whose rulers were Caliphs, established the Cali- 
phate of Cordova, of which Abderahman I. was the first Caliph. 

In the latter part of the eleventh century, beset on all sides by 
Christians, the Saracens called in the assistance of the Moors from 
Africa, by whom they were themselves conquered. 

Leon, Castile and the Kingdom of Arragon were established, 
A.D. 1035, by Romiro I. and Fei-dinand I. " The Great." During 
the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Spain took a leading pari in 
the discoveries of territory. 

After the Union of Castile and Arragon, A.D. 1479, by Ferdinand 
and Isabella, Columbus succeeded in obtaining assistance from the 
latter, by means of which, A.D. 1492, he discovered America. 

The same year Grenada was conquered by Spain. This, to a 
certain extent, counteracted the misfortunes of the West in conse- 
quence of the loss of Constantinople, which had been taken bv 
the Turks under Mahomet II., A.D. 1453. 

The loss of Grenada ended the power of the Moors in Spain. 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 191 

Navarre was soon added to the Dominion of Ferdinand, who in 
1512 became King of all Spain. 

Portugal was captured and subjected to Spain, A.D. 1580, but 
after sixty years, A.D. 1640, gained her independence. 

Philip V., grandson of Louis XIV., through the influence of his 
grandfather, came to the throne, A.D. 1700, and thus was estab- 
lished the Bourbon Dynasty in Spain. 

The French revolution and Peninsular war caused much destruc- 
tion and annoyance to Spain, her naval fleet having been, in com- 
mon with that of France, destroyed off Cape Trafalgar by Lord 
Nelson, A.D. 1805. 

Charles IV. abdicated in 1808, and was succeeded by his son 
Ferdinand VII., but who was deposed by Napoleon to make a 
throne for his brother, Joseph Bonaparte. 

Ferdinand was restored in 1814, and at his death, 1833, Isabella, 
his queen, succeeded; her right being established in the following 
year by the quadruple treaty to act as the queen regent until her 
daughter, Isabella II., attained her majority. Don Carlos imme- 
diately claimed to be the legitimate heir, but his pretensions were 
not sanctioned. 

Many changes of a revolutionary nature followed. — Amadeo I. 
ascended the Spanish throne, A.D. 1870, but abdicated in favor of 
a Republic, A.D. 1873. In the following year Alfonso XII., Prince 
of Asturias, was crowned, and is the present King of Spain, A.D, 
1882. 

TABULATION. 

A.D. 

Epoch 1. The Visigoths Settle in Spain. 412 

" 2. Kingdom op Asturias Founded. 718 

" 3. Arragon, Leon and Castile " 1035 

" 4. Discovery of America 1492 

" 5. Bourbon Dynasty 1700 

" 0. Spain becomes a Republic 1873 

" 7. Friendly Greetings of the 

Kings of Spain and Portugal 1882 

AUTHENTIC SPANISH HISTORY EXTENDS FROM A.D. 
412 to A.D. 1882 = 1470 YEARS. 



HISTORY 

OF 

SPAIN. 



192 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 

THE HISTORY OF PORTUGAL, 

Anciently called Lusitania, begins anterior to the Christian Era. 

During the second century B.C. it was conquered by the Romans 
and added to their Empire. 

Lusitania must have been known to all the ancients who tra- 
versed the west coast of Europe. It is not spoken of, however, so 
as to he interesting to the historian differently than what is said of 
its neighboring country, Spain, until the twelfth century, when it 
was proclaimed a kingdom under Dom Alfonzo, who was crowned 
upon the battle field of Ourique after having defeated the Moors, 
A.D. 1139. 

It had been overrun by the Alans, Visigoths, etc., as had also 
Spain. 

During the fifteenth century Portuguese navigators were pro- 
minent agents in the discoveries of new territories. Captain 
Diaz, A.D. 1486, having discovered many islands in the Atlantic 
ocean, rounded the Cape of Good Hope. Vasco de Gama, A.D. 1497, 
navigated to India ; where A.D. 1510 the Portuguese planted a 
colony, making Goa the capital. 

Philip II. of Spain, A.D. 1580, seized upon Portugal, from 
which time to 1640 it was subjected to Spain. Portugal, however, 
threw off the yoke of Spain, and placed John, Duke of Eraganza, 
upon the throne. Lisbon, the capital, was destroyed by earthquake, 
A.D. 1755. 

During the Peninsular war Portugal was the field of many a 
hard-fought battle ; where the British army and navy, under 
Wellesley and Nelson, defeated the plans of Napoleon in regard 
to a division of the country between France and Spain. 

Dom John VI., King of Portugal, and his court removed 
to their South American Colony, Brazil, A.D. 1807, and did not 
return until 1821, after which, 1822, Brazil was given its indepen- 
dence, and Dom Pedro I. (Prince Regent) made Emperor, whose 
son, Dom Pedro II., is the present Sovereign. 

In 1828 Dom Miguel usurped the Portuguese throne, causing 
civil war. Donna Maria de Gloria was restored, A.D. 1833 ; her son 
succeeded her A.D. 1853, under the title of Dom Pedro (Peter VI.,) 
and in turn was succeeded by his brother, Dom Louis I., A.D. 
1861, the present King of Portugal. 






HISTORY 



PORTUGAL. 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 193 

TABULATION. 

A.D. 

Epoch 1. Kingdom of Portugal estab- 
lished under Dom Alfonzo 1139 
" 2. The Cape of Good Hope rounded 

by Captain Diaz 1486 

" 3. Dom John, Duke of Braganza, 

OF crowned 1640 

" 4. Royal Greeting between the 
Kings, Dom Alfonzo of 
Spain and Dom Louis of 
/ Portugal 1882 

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF THE HISTORY OF PORTUGAL 
EXTENDS FROM A.D. 1139 TO A.D. 1882 = 743 YEARS. 

THE HISTORY OF POLAND 

Emerges from obscurity in the middle of the sixth century of 
the Christian Era. Lechus and his posterity began to reign under 
the title of Dukes, A.D. 550, and continued 150 years in power. 
Cracus, the founder of Cracow, succeeded. i&Piast, Duke of Poland. 
A.D. 842, was elected, and founded the celebrated Dynasty of 
Absolute Kings bearing his name. Casimir III., the Great, came 
to the throne, A.D. 1333. 

He was a truly great and good man, who patronized industry, 
commerce and learning. Besides furnishing Poland with a cele- 
brated code of laws (named the Wislican code) at Wislica, A.D. 
1347, he established the University of Cracow. 

As well as the greatest he was the last, and his reign closed 
the Piast Dynasty with glory and honor, leaving Poland in a fair 
way to prosperity and future greatness. 

Louis, King of Hungary, succeeded him, and is only worthy of 
mention as being his nephew and the father of the Queens Maria 
and Jadwiga, the latter of whom married Jagiellon, Grand Duke 
of Lithuania, and thus, A.D. 1386, became the head of the Consti- 
tutional Monarchy of Poland, which extended to A.D. 1573. 

Under the reigns of Sigismund I., the Great, and Sigismund 
II., Augustus,' Poland attainod the meridian of her greatness. 

M 



194 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 

The sixteenth century, through Nicolas Copernicus, turned the 
course of the whole world, both in regard to physical matter and 
thought. It was truly" the Golden Era." 

The Elective Monarchy of Poland began by the election of Henry,, 
of Valois, to the throne, A.D. 1573. In the following year, how- 
ever, he succeeded his brother, Charles IX., to the crown of France, 
and ruled as Henry III. 

Stephen Battory was next elected king of Poland ; but on condi- 
tion of his marrying the Princess Anna, sister of Sigismund 
II., Augustus. 

Probably the most distinguished of the kings of Poland was John 
Sobieski, elected, A.D. 1674, wholly on account of his virtues and 
eminent military genius. 

Stanislaus Poniatowski, the last king of Poland, was elected^ 
A.D. 1764. It Avas his misfortune to behold the first extraordin- 
ary act of plunder " executed by an agreement between three 
potentates/'through which unhappy Poland,after a second and third 
effort, was completely wiped off the chart of national existence. 

Eussia, Prussia and Austria, A.D. 1772, 1793, 1795, thus, in an 
ignoble manner added much to their material wealth, since which 
her history is merged respectively into theirs. Occasionally, 
however, an insurrection of the Poles proves to the world that 
their spirit of freedom is not dead but slumbers, awaiting a 
favorable opportunity " to shake off the fetters that bind it." 

TABULATION. 

A.D. 

'Epoch 1. The Absolute Kings under Piast 842 
HISTORY " 2. The Constitutional Monarchy, 

Jagiellon's Dynasty 1386 

^ F "> " 3. The Elective Monarchy 1573 

POLAND " 4. The Last Partition op Poland. 1795 
[ « 5. To date 1882 

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF THE HISTORY OF POLAND 
EXTENDS FROM A.D. 842 TO A.D. 1795 = 953 YEARS. 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 195 



THE HISTORY OF EUSSIA 



is obscure, uncertain and uninteresting in its early time. It is- 
the largest and probably the coldest Empire in the world. Can 
casians and Mongolians are its inhabitants, who in the fourth cen- 
tury of the Christian Era were divided into various tribes. 

Euric, a great Prince, established a government and founded 
Eussia into a monarchy, A.D. 862. 

In the thirteenth century Eussia was overrun by the Tartars 5 , 
and did not free herself from that restless people until during many 
struggles up to 1469, when the yoke was broken and the count? v 
united under one monarchy by Ivan III., Basilovitz, who came to 
the throne, A.D. 1462. 

He was an able as well as despotic prince, and may be said to 
have founded the Monarchy on its present firm basis. He introduced 
cannon and fire arms, A.D. 1475. 

Ivan IV., the Terrible, came to the throne, A.D. 1533. He 
established an imperial body guard, " the Strelitz," which was 
abolished by Peter "the Great" on his return from England, 
about 1697. 

Ivan IV., A.D. 1584, was succeeded by Feador I. 

After several successions Michael Feodorovitz, a descendant 
of Ivan Basilovitz of the house of Romanoff, ascended and estab- 
lished the Romanoff Dynasty. 

Peter I., "the Great," ascended the Russian throne, A.D. 1689, and 
by means of prudence, perseverance and industry brought pros- 
perity and power to the nation. He took upon himself the title of 
Czar and Emperor of all the Eussias, A.D. 1721, raising the country 
to one of Empire. He founded St. Petersburg, which was named 
after him. He was succeeded by his Empress, Catherine I., A.D. 
1725. 

Catherine II. of Anhault, wife of Peter III., whom she assisted 
to murder, came to the throne, A.D. 1762. Through her able 
administration Eussia increased in territory and power. Her 
armies defeated the Turks, and during her reign unhappy Poland 
was voraciously dismembered by three powers, Eussia, Prussia, 
and Austria of which Eussia got the lion's share, A.D. 1772, 1793, 
1795. Paul I., her son, was crowned, A.D. 1796, but was 
strangled in 1801. 



196 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 

Alexander I., his son, succeeded, and after many defeats was 
forced to form an alliance with France. During their struggles 
Napoleon invaded Russia, where, A.D. 1812, after the burning of 
Moscow, the cold of winter, while retreating, caused the destruction 
of his army. 

Nicholas I., his brother, began to reign, A.D. 1825. He will 
be well remembered in consequence of the Russo-Turkan war of 
1853, which was closed 1856 without dishonor to Russia. 

Alexander II. succeeded in 1855 during the Crimean war, 
which he conducted with spirit and bravery equal to that of his 
father, until all parties engaged were glad to cease the strife. 

In 1861 Alexander decreed the emancipation of 23,000,000 serfs, 
and in the following year a grand Jubilee in honor of the 1000th 
anniversary of Russia was held. He was assassinated by the 
Nihilists, A.D. 1881, since which his son Alexander III. has 
become and is now the Czar of all the Russias. 

TABULATION. 

A.D. 

TTmTORY f Epoch 1. Russia founded by Ruric 862 

" 2. Subjected to the Tartars 1237 

OF i " 3. Freedom from the Tartars 1469 

" 4. Romanoff Dynasty 1613 

BUSSIA. ^ « 5 To DATE 1882 

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF AUTHENTIC RUSSIAN HIS- 
TORY EXTENDS FROM A.D. 862 TO 1882=1020 YEARS. 



THE HISTORY OF CHINA. 



According to their own annals China was an established gov- 
ernment 80 or 100 thousand years before the Christian Era. 

Fo-Hi, the reputed founder of the Chinese Empire, supposed 
to have been Noah, established a dynasty named after him, B.C. 
2951, since which there have been twenty-two distinct reigning 
families to the present time ; the last of which, TSIN, came into 
power, A.D. 1644. 

China, " The Celestial Empire," (Tsing of the Chinese) is the 
most populous country on the globe. By means of a great wall 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 19? 

the contraction of which was begun, about B.C. 240, all other 
nations have been excluded; and, hence, before the present 
century little^was known of their history. 

Confucius, the great Chinese philosopher, born B.C. 551, was a 
contemporary with Pythagoras of the Greeks. 

San Chin, their Atheistical philosopher, flourished in the fifth 
century of the Christian era. 

The Buddhist priests, A.D. 499, are said to have discovered 
America, which they called Fusang. 

The Tartars invaded and carried on a destructive warfare with 
China about A.D. 1258. 

St. Francis Xavier unsuccessfully endeavored to introduce 
Christianity amongst the Chinese, A.D. 1551. 

In the seventeenth century the Manchou Tartars, A. D. 1616, 
invaded the country, and after a struggle of twenty-eight years, 
succeeded in establishing the present Manchou Tartar Dynasty, 
A.D. 1644 (TSIN). 

During the present century, A.D. 1812, the Emperor of China 
proclaimed an edict against Christianity. At Nankin, once the 
Capital of China, a treaty permitting free trade with England was 
concluded. 

The peace of Nankin was signed by Sir Henry Pottinger on 
board the Cornwallis for England, A.D. 1842. In consequence 
of the obstinacy and indifference of the Emperor of China in 
carrying out the considerations of the Treaty or Peace of Nankin, 
and of Tien Tsin signed by Lord Elgin, China was invaded by 
England and France, after which Tien Tsin was again signed, 
A.D. I860, and ratified at Pekin. 

A cruel massacre was perpetrated A.D. 1870 at Tien Tsin, by 
which the French consul, catholic clergy and many Christians 
were slaughtered. 

China made an excellent representation of her productions at 
the United States Centennial, A. D. 1876. 

From the establishment of the Empire by Fo-Hi, the twenty-two 
distinct families that have reigned are all marked upon the Chart 
of Time in their respective localities, and may be easily recog- 
nized, in their history and chronology. 



198 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 

TABULATION. 

B.C. 

Epoch 1. Chinese Empire founded 2951 

" 2. Birth of Confucius 551 

" 3. The Great Wall begun 240 

A.D. 
' 4. Buddhism introduced from India 68 
: ' 5. Discovery of Fusang (America) 499 

'• 6. Invasion of the Tartars 1258 

: - 7. Christianity by Francis Xavier 1551 

< • 8. Manchou Tartar dynasty 1644 

" 9. The present time 1882 

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF CHINESE HISTORY FROM 
FO-HI, B.C. 2951, TO A.D. 1882=4833 YEARS. 



OF 
CHINA. 



THE HISTORY OF JAPAN 

is obscure from the foundation of the Empire by Simnu, B. C. 660, 
even to the present century. 

Marco Polo, the Venetian traveller, who visited the country in 
the latter part of the thirteenth century, is the first European 
that has left any knowledge of Japan. 

Mendo Pintez,who is said to have discovered Japan, visited it with 
three ships, A.D. 1542, and during the following year his country- 
men, the Portuguese, were permitted to settle at Nagasaki. 

In the same year Francis Xavier, the celebrated Jesuit Mis- 
sionary, introduced Christianity among the Japanese. It was 
much opposed, however, by the higher orders, and in the years 
1585 and 1632 cruel massacres of the Christians resulted. 

A decree was issued, A.D. 1636, by the Micaddo, requiring the 
Japanese to assemble annually for the special purpose of trampling 
on the cross. 

The traveller and naturalist, Engelbert Kaempfer, a native of 
Lippe-Detmold in Germany, visited Japan, A.D. 1690, and is said 
to have written a history of the country interspersed with plates. 

Commodore Perry, commander of an American expedition, 
A.D. 1853, entered Yeddo, and was favorably received. In the 
following year, 1854, commercial relations were established 
between Japan and the United States. Later in the year, 
Great Britain was also successful in the same direction. 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 199 

A Japanese embassy, A.D. 1860, visited Washington and New 
Yoi-k. Another embassy of very distinguished persons paid their 
respects to the United States and Great Britain, A.D. 1872, in the 
interest of civilization and commerce. 

At the great American Centennial Exhibition, A.D. 1876, the 
Japanese gathered many laurels by their excellent exhibits and 
unpresumptious manner, which elicited the highest encomiums 
from all who had the good fortune to behold them. 

TABULATION. 

B.C. 

( Epoch 1. Japan founded by Simnu 660 

A.D. 

HISTORY « 2. Invaded by the Tartars 1269 

" 3. Nagasaki settled by Portuguese 1543 

OF " 4. A distinguished Embassy visits 

the United States and Great 

Britain 1872 

" 5. To date 1882 



JAPAN. 



THE WHOLE PERIOD OF JAPANESE HISTORY EX- 
TENDS FROM B.C. 660 TO A.D. 1882=2542 YEARS. 



THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 

of America, may consistently be arranged under two periods, the 
Colonial and the Constitutional ; neither of which is in the 
least degree obscured by the misty embraces of antiquity. 

The Colonial period extends from the discovery of America by 
Christopher Columbus, A.D. 1492, to the declaration of Indepen- 
dence, A.D. 1776. 

The Constitutional period extends from the declaration of 
independence to the present time, A.D. 1882. 

The discovery of America, by Columbus, is one of the most 
important epochs of history, marking as it does the dividing line 
between middle and modern time. 

Other and earlier discoverers have their record, of whom it is 
thought a very few words here will not be out of place. 



200 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 

It is said that " Professsor Neumann and others, eminent 
scholars, have satisfied themselves that proofs exist that FUSANGr 
must have been a portion of the American continent; most 
likel}*, the Mexican coast. 

Neumann, in 1841, published from the original Chinese annals 
the narrative of Hoei Shin, a Buddhist Missionary, who, A.D. 499, 
returned from a long journey to the East, in which he describes a 
country to which he gave the name " Fusang," and certainly the 
account is not only very curious, but is shown by Mr. Leland * 
to fairly describe Old and New Mexico." 

Iceland had been .discovered by the Norwegians as early as 
A.D. 860, and after about fifteen yeai'S was colonized by them. 

About fifty or one hundred }'ears later they colonized Green- 
land towards its southern extremity, where ruins may yet be found. 

These Norsemen are said to have discovered America in the 
tenth centuiy. Lief Ericson with thirty-five men set sail from 
Greenland to investigate the discovery of Bjorne Herjulfulson, 
who had spoken of a strange land to the south upon which he 
had been driven by a storm, A. D. 986. 

Ericson succeeded in finding land A. D. 1000, which from its 
most prominent characteristics he named Helluland, Markland 
and Vinland. 

It is known that Columbus visited Iceland, amongst whose 
manuscripts these discoveries of Ericson are registered, during 
the latter half of the fifteenth centuiy, and the inference is, 
that their contents were in some way or other made known and 
served as a strong incentive to his enthusiasm and perseverance, 
which was so well and persistently demonstrated in and during 
his applications to the European courts for the means by which to 
accomplish his ends. 

Ultimately successful with Isabella, Queen of Spain, on the 3rd 
of August, 1492, Columbus set sail, and on the 11th of October of 
the same year discovered St. Salvador, the name of which was 
given the small island by himself. 

He made other voyages, on the third of which, A.D. 1498, he 
eet his foot upon the mainland of America, and in fact, so far as- 
he is concerned, discovered America. 



* From Charles G. Leland's most interesting volume "Fusang ; or, the Discovery ot 
America by the Chinese Buddhist Priests in the Fifth Century." 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 201 

John and Sebastian Cabot, however, had planted the banner of 
England upon the soil of the New World at Prima Vista r 
fourteen months before Columbus beheld the mainland, and hence 
were the discoverers of the continent of America during the 
fifteenth century. 

With all due respect to Columbus, from whom it would be base 
to withhold one iota of the fame so richly merited ; if discovery 
means the first to find out or to uncover to the gaze of others, it 
cannot be established from historical records that he was the 
discoverer of the great continent that afterwards, through the 
accounts and publications of the Florentine, Amerigo Vespucci, 
was called " America." 

Receding to the tenth century, it is quite as doubtful in regard 
to Ericson. Biorne (Bjorne) had already, fourteen years 
previously, seen and described the land, which acted on the 
mind of Ericson, as did the Icelandic manuscripts and writings of 
Marco Polo upon that of Columbus. 

In virtue of the discovery of the Cabots, A. D. 1497, and 
the planting of the red cross flag in America by Sir Humphrey 
Gilbert, A.D. 1583, England based her claim of right to 
islands and possessions upon the North American continent. 

Her first effort at colonization was made at Roanoke, Virginia, 
A.D. 1584, by Sir Walter Raleigh, a half brother of Gilbert. 

It was unsuccessful, however, and not until A.D. 160*7 was the 
first colonization by England effected at Jamestown, Virginia, 
under the management and care of Captain Smith, who gave 
the name "New England" to the English possessions on the 
continent of America. 

The Pilgrim Fathers landed at Plymouth, A.D. 1620, and settled 
what is now known as New England. The French had already 
established themselves in New France, and they claimed New 
England under the discoveries of John Verazzani, a Florentine, 
who had visited the country, A.D. 1524, and Jacques Cartier 
ten years later. 

In consequence of these facts and the difference of religion, 
not to mention the animosities, etc., incited by the fur trade, and 
the fact that England and France were ever engaged one against 
the other in war, massacres and strifes were frequent among 



202 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 

the Colonists, wherein much bloodshed resulted, either party- 
using the Indians as best it could for the destruction of the 
other. 

Thus matters continued more than a century, until it was found 
necessary, by means of war, that the whole country should become 
an English or French Colony. 

War was consequently declared by the mother countries, and 
upon the Plains of Abraham (after various straggles) resulted in 
favor of the English and their colonists. A.T). 1759. In the 
following year at Montreal, the French and their colon}*, through 
the Governor de Vaudreuil, surrendered to General Amherst, three 
years after which, Great Britain, by the treaty of Paris, A.D. 
1763, became possessed of the whole country. 

It would now be thought that harmony might follow, but such 
was not the fact. Man's inhumanity to man sprang into existence, 
bringing civil war and cruel strife among a people of the 
same origin and destiny. 

In consequence of diffidence, arrogance and oppression on the 
part of Great Britain, the Colonists, except the French Canadian 
of New France, thirteen years afterward. A.D. 1776, declared their 
independence which, after a war of seven years with the mother 
country, A.D. 1783, was recognized. 

The new country now organized itself and formed a Constitution, 
whence begins the second period of our history as marked upon 
the Chart of Time, the most important epochs of which are the 
declaration of independence already mentioned; the convention 
at Philadelphia for the signing of the new Constitution, A.D. 
1787; the purchase of Louisiana, A.D. 1803; the civil war of 
1861; and the abolition of slavery proclaimed by Abraham 
Lincoln. January 1st, 1863; thence to date 1882, in which year 
the American Association of Arts and Sciences honored the 
Dominion of Canada, by its presence at Montreal, where many in- 
teresting and instructive papers were presented. 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 



203 



•HISTORY 
OF THE 
UNITED 
STATES. 



TABULATION. 

A.D. 

Epoch 1. Discovery op America 1492 

" 2. Raleigh's Unsuccessful Coloni- 
zation of Virginia 1584 

" 3. First Successful Colony at 

Jamestown, by Smith 1607 

" 4. Landing of the Pilgrims 1620 

" 5. Cession of Arms by the French 1760 
" 6. Declaration of Independence. . 1776 
" 7. The New Constitution Signed. 1787 
" 8. The Acquisition of Louisiana. 1803 

» 9. War of 1812 1812 

" 10. Civil War 1-61 

" 11. Abolition of Slavery 1863 

t « 12. A. A. A. & S., at Montreal 1882 

THE WHOLE PERIOD OF THE HISTORY OF THE 
UNITED STATES EXTENDS FROM A.D. 1492 to 1882 = 380 
YEARS. 



THE HISTORY OF CANADA, 

like that of the United States, is unobscured by the dusty clouds 
of antiquity. It will be considered as Canada under the French 
Regime, and Canada under the British Government. The extent 
of the country called " Canada " has, in fact, never been satisfac- 
torily designated in history. 

Its various boundaries may be seen in different Geographies ; 
and without being very particular on this point, it may also be 
said that the New France of Canada is not the Canada of to-day ; 
but bears about the same relation to the Dominion of Canada aw 
does the New England of the Eastern States to the United States 
of America. 

As the name implies, New France was settled by the French 
whose rights of territory were based upon the discoveries of John 
Verrazani, A.D. 1524, and of Jacques Cartier' 1534, the latter of 
whom in the following year discovered and ascended the noble 
river St. Lawrence as far as Stadacona, now Quebec. 



204 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 

From this epoch Canadian history under the French Regime- 
properly begins, i.e., 1534, and extends to the conquest of New 
France by the English, A.D. 1760. 

The points most worthy of note are the discovery and efforts at 
colonization, the first of which, A.D. 1642, under Roberval and 
the second under de la Roche on Sable Island, were unsuccessful. 
The earliest successful colony was established at Port Royal, A.D. 
1604, Quebec was founded by Samuel deChamplain, A.D. 1608. 

The Recollet Fathers were brought into New France A.D- 
1615, and settled at Quebec. Ten years later, they received the 
Jesuits ; where, together with the aid of a few Sisters of Charity, 
they established Roman Catholicism and its monastic institu- 
tions. 

The Jesuits have left a valuable record (Jesuits' Relations)* 
concerning their doings in the early history of New France. 

The Government was under the control of the King of France 
who, at first, acted through the companies of the peltry traffic* 
the most important of which were " The One Hundred Associates,' 
established by Cardinal Richelieu A.D. 1627, and the Montreal 
Company of A.D. 1640. 

Paul Chomedy de Maisonneuve, a prominent member of the 
latter, A.D. 1642, founded Montreal, first known as Villa Maria. 
The Sulpicians under M. de Queylus, established their seminary at 
Montreal, A.D. 1657. 

M. de Laval arrived in New France, A.D. 1659, where he 
received full ecclesiastical powers, and was created the first Bishop 
of Quebec, A.D. 1670. 

The Government of the country was more fully established, A.D. 
1663, under the Sovereign Council, in which church and state 
were combined; the Governor, Bishop and Royal Intendant 
being the tripod upon which reposed the welfare of New France. 

Dignity required the heads of the Government to have been born 
in France, whence they must be brought — no colonist being per- 
mitted to act in capacity of Viceroy or Governor. 

As early as A. D. 1629 New France had been conquered by 
Admiral Kirk, but through the influence of Champlain it had 
been restored, A.D. 1632, to France, in honor of which a church, 
" Notre Dame de la Recouvrance," was built. 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 205 

Admiral Phipps laid siege to Quebec, A.D. 1690; but by the 
determined resistance of Frontenac was repelled, in honor of 
which the Church of " Notre Dame de Victoire " was erected. 

The natives of the country, by French and English colonists, 
were incited to commit cruelties, of which many shocking 
examples are on record. 

It followed as a natural result that, in consequence of nationality, 
religion, massacres, disputed boundaries, etc., etc., both France 
and England determined each upon the annihilation or expulsion 
of the other from the Colony. 

The English under Nicholson, with their colonists and fleet 
under Admiral Walker, invaded Acadia, and possessed themselves 
of Port Royal, which, in honor of Queen Anne, they named Anna- 
polis, A.D." 1710. 

Later, A.D. 1744, began the old French war, when Fort 
Louisburg was captured by the British Colonists, but, much to 
their chagrin, was restored to France, at the treaty of Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle, A.D. 1748. 

Mutual jealousies, deceptions, etc., etc., brought on another 
war, which resulted in the capture of Louisburg a second time ; 
and ultimately in the complete subjugation of New France, 
A.D. 1760, after which, by the treaty of Paris, A.D. 1763, it 
was ceded to Great Britain. 

The Roman Catholics, so numerous in the country, were left 
to their own freedom of worship, and nowhere in the world 
are there brighter prospects for them than in the Province of 
Quebec. 

TABULATION. 

A.D. 

Epoch 1. Discovery of New France... 1534 
" 2. Unsuccessful Colonization 1542 

3. Port Eotal Colonized 1604 

" 4. Quebec Founded 1608 

" 5. Montreal " 1642 

" 6. The Sovereign Council 1663 

" 7. The Old French War 1744 

" 8. Conquest of New France.. 1760 



HISTORY 

OF 
CANADA, 



206 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 



THE HISTOEY OF CANADA, 

under the British Government, begins at the conquest of New 
Prance A.D. 1760, and extends to the organization of the 
Canadian Pacific Railway Syndicate, A.D. 1881, or rather to the 
present time, A.D. 1882. From the Conquest to the treaty of Paris. 
A.D. 1763, a military form of government was established, with 
General Murray, yet an officer under Amherst, at its head. 

After this treaty, by which it was ceded to Great Britain, it was 
called the Province op Quebec, and General Murray was 
appointed the first Governor, which position he held with honor 
until succeeded by Sir Guy Carlton, A. D. 1776, both of whom had 
been officers under General Wolfe before Quebec. Pontiac, 
the famous Ottawa chief, raised a conspiracy, A. D. 1764, that 
resulted in much bloodshed and loss of valuable property. 

Great Britain now possessed, as a colony, nearly the whole 
of North America, and in regard to her governors differed nothing 
from the custom of France — dignity requiring them to be born 
outside of the country, and with as much gentle blood as possible. 
Circumstances began to transpire, however, that resulted in the loss 
of a great portion of the best of the Colony. The fact of taxation 
without representation was a great factor in causing the revolu- 
tion that was followed by the Declaration of Independence of the 
United States of America, A.D. 1776. 

The French Canadians did not join in the issue, because, although 
a conquered people, in 1760, they had been guaranteed their 
religious rights ; and as these had again been confirmed by the 
Quebec Act, A.D. 1774, they were very properly convinced by 
their clergy that they had nothing to gain ; hence they remained 
faithful to Great Britain, and their country was the recipient 
of the United Empire Loyalists who found occasion for new 
homes during the struggle. 

The (United States) revolutionary colonists were eventually, 
after a seven years' war, successful ; and on the third of Septem- 
ber, A.D. 1783, a treaty of peace was signed by Great Britain, 
which in the following year was ratified by the American Con- 
gress. 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 207 

George Washington their, Commander in Chief, who had faith. 
fully served his country, was sought from his happy retreat on 
the right bank of the Potomac, and unanimously elected the 
first President A.D. 1789, since which they have become a great as 
well as powerful nation. 

The Province of Quebec, A.D. 1791, was divided into Upper 
and Lower Canada, each of which was permitted to have a 
Legislative Assembly. One-seventh of the waste lands were 
donated to Protestant clergy, "Clergy Reserves," and the Rev. 
Jacob Mountain was raised to the Protestant Bishopric, A.D. 1793. 

In consequence of the war of 1812 between Great Britain 
and the United States many battles were fought in Canada, much 
to her inconvenience. 

A rebellion broke out, A.D. 1837, which was quelled during 
the following year, when the thirteen Canadian citizens (rebels) 
paid the death penalty in the City of Montreal ; at Kingston 
ten, and London three, were also hanged. 

The bill for the Union of Upper and Lower Canada came into 
practical operation A.D. 1841. This was the year of the birth of 
the Prince of Wales, who, A.D. 1860, visited Canada and inaugu- 
rated the opening of the Victoria bridge, built at Montreal under 
the supervision and direction of the great engineer, Stephenson. 

In consequence of the passage of a bill to indemnify losses result- 
ing from the Rebellion of 1837-8, that received the approbation 
and signature of Lord Elgin, the Governor of Canada, A.D. 1849, 
a rough mob collected, and, under the pretended garb of loyalty, 
besides insulting His Excellency in the streets, set fire to the 
Parliament buildings, burning them and their very valuable 
library to ashes; after which Quebec and Toronto became, alter- 
nately, the seat of Government, until it was finally and permanently 
located at Ottawa, A.D. 1858, by command of Her Majesty, the 
Queen of England. 

Appropriate buildings were ordered to be erected in that city and 
devoted to the Dominion Parliament, A. D. 1867, when the Act of 
the Union of Canada (Upper and Lower), Nova Scotia and New 
Brunswick was passed. It went into effect July 1st, and the 
inauguration was celebrated by general rejoicings throughont the 



208 PERIODS AND EPOCHS. 

Dominion, the first Governor or Viceroy of which was Lord Monck 
who had heen in office since 1861. Other Provinces have since 
joined. 

The Canadian Pacific Eailway, the great rising sun of the 
Dominion op Canada, is said to have been begun as a political 
necessity, and owes its origin to the confederation of the Provinces. 

After several efforts and as many failures, a syndicate was 
formed, A.D. 1881, and liberally * subsidized, that is now 
rapidly pushing the road to its completion, which by the terms of 
agreement must be finished within ten years. 

There will then be an artificial bond of great value uniting 
all the Provinces. 

Lord Dufferin became the Viceroy of the Dominion A.D. 
1872, where he remained two terms, well-beloved by all. He 
•was succeeded by the Marquis of Lome, A.D. 1878, accompanied 
by Her Eoyal Highness the Princess Louise, both of whom are 
well received in the Colony, being enthusiastically welcomed by 
those who have the good fortune to meet them. 

Only yesterday, September 13th, they were congratulated at 
San Francisco by their Eoyal Mother, Queen Victoria, concerning 
the success of British arms in Africa at the fall of Tel-el-Kebir, 
and the termination of the war, in consequence of the brilliant 
efforts of the army and navy under General Wolseley and 
Ad miral Seymour. 

During the months of September and October, in the South- 
Eastern horizon throughout the United-States and Canada, there 
appeared a beautiful and brilliant comet, which was much 
admired by the Scientific world. 



*" The Syndicate received a land grant of every alternate section for twenty-f our miles 
on either side of its line, amounting to 25,000,000 acres, and a practical endorsement of 
their bonds to the amount of §25,000,000, besides an absolute gift of the completed 
section of the road. * * * The whole amount of completed road to be turned over by 
the Government to the syndicate is 700 miles, valued at §28,000,000. * * * The Syn- 
dicate receives certaiu incidental privileges from the Government, such as exemptio* 
from taxation of its right of way, depot buildings in insettled eouutry, and its lands until 
sold, and exemption from duty of materials used in construction. On the other hand, it 
must submit to Government regulation of its tariffs. * * * The length of the old Govern- 
ment line was 2,200 miles, 400 in the Thunder Bay, 1,200 in the valley and 600 in the 
British Colombia section. Of course, the new line cannot yet be measured, but it is 
certainly much shorter." 

The British North West. 



PERIODS AND EPOCHS, 



209 



HISTORY 

OF 
CANADA. 



I 



TABULATION. 

AD. 

Epoch 1. Conquest of New France 1760" 

" 2. The Treaty of Paris, Canada 

ceded to Great Britain 1763 

" 3. The Quebec Act 1774 

" 4. Division of the Province of 
Quebec into Upper and 

Lower Canada. 1791 

' c 5. Union of the two Canadas 1841 

" 6. British American Confeder- 
ation ,. 1867 

" 7. The C P. R. Syndicate 1881 

" 8. The Queen of Comets 1882 



Now, in conclusion, the author feels constrained to add, even 
though it be repetition ; figures are not representatives of time, but 
■markers of it as of quantities of anything else. 

Throughout the whole of the Periods and Epochs the sense 
w T ill remain unimpaired if the dates, in almost every instance, be 
passed without being read. 

They will be found useful, however, in assisting to readily fix 
localities upon theChart, from which, as well as from the Cento- 
graph and Slate, all the events must be given by the pupils. 

Should these instructions be literally followed, the foregoing 

work, it is hoped and believed, will possess qualities that will be 

appreciated by the student of history: its success, however, in 

whatever light it may be viewed, must depend upon its practical 

utility in the field to which it will be adapted. 



:-^, 




INDEX. 

PAOB 

Preface 5 

Wood Cut 1. Bird'e-eye View of the Chart 11 

" 2. Slate, open and closed 12 

" 3- Centograph (both frames in view) 13 

" 4. " undivided years 14 

" 5. Plates 1 and 2, the Century 16 

" 6. Centograph with Compartments 27 

Description of the Chart of Time 15 

Symbol ization 18 

Geographical Representation by Color 15 

Localities Changed into Figures 20 

Examples for Practice 24 

Description of the Centograph 27 

Symbols 29 

Instructions for Using the Centograph 30 

Description of the Historical Slate 33 

Advantages of the Chart, Centograph and Slate 33 

Statistical Application 34 

Definitions Worthy of Special Attention 36 

Remarks 37 

Definitions of History 42 

Extracts from Various Authors 44 

Historical Key to the Chart of Time 61 

(In this key each century is an index of its own facts wherein im- 
portant events, from creation to date, may be readily found.) 



212 

PAOE 

The Periods and Epochs of History 161 

The Universe 162 

Rjman History 162 

History of the Saracens 165 

The Turks, or Mogul Tartars 166 

The Bible L68 

The Church 169 

Grecian History, B. C 172 

History of England 174 

« Scotland 178 

" the Persian Empire 180 

" Fiance 181 

« Ireland 182 

" Egypt, B. C 184 

" Germany 185 

" Prussia 187 

" Austria 188 

'•< Assyria, B. C 189 

" Spain 190 

" Portugal 192 

" Poland 103 

'• Russia , 195 

" China 19G 

" Japan '. 198 

" The United States 199 

" Canada (under the French Regime) 203 

■** " (under British government) 206 



, 



IkU 




































-y 






























■ 
- ■> 














































-oo^ 



,V 



0^ 



rO v *U, 















ri- 






/v; 















i 



'^o^ 



^ '^ 




^/ <* 



